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首页> 外文期刊>BMC zoology. >Elucidation of the whole carotenoid biosynthetic pathway of aphids at the gene level and arthropodal food chain involving aphids and the red dragonfly
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Elucidation of the whole carotenoid biosynthetic pathway of aphids at the gene level and arthropodal food chain involving aphids and the red dragonfly

机译：在基因水平和节肢动物食物链中阐明蚜虫的整个类胡萝卜素生物合成途径，涉及蚜虫和红蜻蜓

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Background Aphids can be positioned as robust pest insects in farming and as ones of the model organisms for arthropods in molecular biology. Carotenoids are pigments that protect organisms from photooxidative damage caused by excessive light. Aphids were shown to possess genes of fungal origin for carotenoid biosynthesis, whereas a little knowledge was available about the functions of the genes and the biosynthetic pathway. Even carotenoid species contained in aphids were not enough understood. Main purpose of this study is to clarify these insufficient findings. Results The whole carotenoid biosynthetic pathway of the pea aphid ( Acyrthosiphon pisum ) was elucidated at the gene level, through comprehensive functional analysis of its carotenogenic genes, using Escherichia coli that synthesized carotenoid substrates, along with structural and quantitative analysis of carotenoids from various aphid species. Four genes were needed to synthesize all carotenoids accumulated in aphids from geranylgeranyl diphosphate. The tor gene mediated desaturation reaction from phytoene to 3,4-didehydrolycopene. It was revealed that a gene designated ApCrtYB3 , which was considered to have functionally evolved in aphids, can convert lycopene into uncommon carotenoids with the γ-ring such as (6′ S )-β,γ-carotene and γ,γ-carotene. We further demonstrated that the atypical carotenoids work as ecological indicators for estimating the food chain from aphids to predatory arthropods, and showed that aphids contributed with significant levels to the food chain from insect herbivores to several predatory arthropods, i.e., the red dragonfly ( Sympetrum frequens ; adults), seven-spotted ladybird ( Coccinella septempunctata ), and two spiders, Oxyopes sertatus and Nephila clavata . Gut microflora of the dragonfly (mature adults) was also found to include endosymbiotic bacteria such as Serratia symbiotica specific to the black bean aphid ( Aphis fabae ). Conclusions We revealed the whole carotenoid biosynthetic pathway of aphids, including functional identification of the corresponding genes. Subsequently, we showed that arthropodal food chain can be estimated using the uncommon carotenoids of aphids as ecological indicators. This result indicated that aphids made significant contributions to the food chain of several predatory arthropods including the red-dragonfly adults. Aphids are likely to be positioned as an important “phytochemicals” source for some predatory insects and arachnids, which are often active under bright sunlight.
机译：背景技术蚜虫可以作为耕种的害虫昆虫，作为分子生物学中节肢动物的模型生物。类胡萝卜素是用过度光线引起的光氧化损伤保护生物的颜料。显示蚜虫对类胡萝卜素生物合成具有真菌来源的基因，而有关基因的功能和生物合成途径的功能则提供了一点知识。蚜虫中含有的均匀类胡萝卜素甚至不够理解。本研究的主要目的是阐明这些不足的发现。结果通过致癌基因的综合官能分析，在基因水平中阐明了豌豆蚜虫的整个类胡萝卜素生物合成途径，通过致癌基因的综合致胞外基因，以及来自各种蚜虫种类的类胡萝卜素的结构和定量分析。需要四种基因来合成来自天竺葵二磷酸的蚜虫中积聚的所有类胡萝卜素。 TOR基因介导从植物中的去饱和反应到3,4-丁酰胺聚丙烯。据揭示，被认为是在蚜虫中功能发展的基因指定的APCRTYB3可以将番茄红素转化为γ-环的罕见类胡萝卜素，例如（6's）-β，γ-胡萝卜素和γ-胡萝卜素。我们进一步证明，非典型类胡萝卜素作为生态指标，用于估算从蚜虫到掠食性节肢动物的食物链，并显示蚜虫与来自昆虫草食物的食物链中的蚜虫贡献到几个捕食性节肢动物，即红蜻蜓（Sympetrum use ;成年人），七斑瓢虫（Coccinella Septempunctata）和两种蜘蛛，氧气型Sertatus和Nephila Clavata。还发现蜻蜓（成熟成人）的肠道缩略量，包括胚胎细菌，例如黑豆蚜虫特异的Serratia symbiotica（Aphis fabae）。结论我们揭示了蚜虫的整个类胡萝卜素生物合成途径，包括相应基因的功能鉴定。随后，我们表明，可以使用蚜虫的罕见类胡萝卜素作为生态指标估算节肢动物食物链。结果表明，蚜虫对包括红蜻蜓成年人在内的几个捕食性节肢动物的食物链作出了重大贡献。蚜虫可能被定位为一些捕食性昆虫和蛛网的重要的“植物化学物质”来源，这在明亮的阳光下往往是活跃的。

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