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首页> 外文期刊>Atmospheric chemistry and physics >Influence of weather situation on non-CO 2 aviation climate effects: the REACT4C climate change functions
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Influence of weather situation on non-CO 2 aviation climate effects: the REACT4C climate change functions

机译：天气状况对非二氧化碳航空气候影响的影响：反应4C气候变化功能

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Emissions of aviation include CO 2 , H 2 O , NO x , sulfur oxides, and soot. Many studies have investigated the annual mean climate impact of aviation emissions. While CO 2 has a long atmospheric residence time and is almost uniformly distributed in the atmosphere, non- CO 2 gases and particles and their products have short atmospheric residence times and are heterogeneously distributed. The climate impact of non- CO 2 aviation emissions is known to vary with different meteorological background situations. The aim of this study is to systematically investigate the influence of characteristic weather situations on aviation climate effects over the North Atlantic region, to identify the most sensitive areas, and to potentially detect systematic weather-related similarities. If aircraft were re-routed to avoid climate-sensitive regions, the overall aviation climate impact might be reduced. Hence, the sensitivity of the atmosphere to local emissions provides a basis for the assessment of weather-related, climate-optimized flight trajectory planning. To determine the climate change contribution of an individual emission as a function of location, time, and weather situation, the radiative impact of local emissions of NO x and H 2 O to changes in O 3 , CH 4 , H 2 O and contrail cirrus was computed by means of the ECHAM5/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry model. From this, 4-dimensional climate change functions (CCFs) were derived. Typical weather situations in the North Atlantic region were considered for winter and summer. Weather-related differences in O 3 , CH 4 , H 2 O , and contrail cirrus CCFs were investigated. The following characteristics were identified: enhanced climate impact of contrail cirrus was detected for emissions in areas with large-scale lifting, whereas low climate impact of contrail cirrus was found in the area of the jet stream. Northwards of 60 ° ?N, contrails usually cause climate warming in winter, independent of the weather situation. NO x emissions cause a high positive climate impact if released in the area of the jet stream or in high-pressure ridges, which induces a south- and downward transport of the emitted species, whereas NO x emissions at, or transported towards, high latitudes cause low or even negative climate impact. Independent of the weather situation, total NO x effects show a minimum at ～250 ?hPa, increasing towards higher and lower altitudes, with generally higher positive impact in summer than in winter. H 2 O emissions induce a high climate impact when released in regions with lower tropopause height, whereas low climate impact occurs for emissions in areas with higher tropopause height. H 2 O CCFs generally increase with height and are larger in winter than in summer. The CCFs of all individual species can be combined, facilitating the assessment of total climate impact of aircraft trajectories considering CO 2 and spatially and temporally varying non- CO 2 effects. Furthermore, they allow for the optimization of aircraft trajectories with reduced overall climate impact. This also facilitates a fair evaluation of trade-offs between individual species. In most regions, NO x and contrail cirrus dominate the sensitivity to local aviation emissions. The findings of this study recommend considering weather-related differences for flight trajectory optimization in favour of reducing total climate impact.
机译：航空排放包括CO 2，H 2 O，NO X，硫氧化物和烟灰。许多研究已经调查了航空排放的年度平均气候影响。虽然CO 2具有长的大气停留时间，但几乎均匀地分布在大气中，非CO 2气体和颗粒和其产品具有短的大气停留时间，并且是异质的分布。已知非二氧化碳航空排放的气候影响因不同的气象背景情况而异。本研究的目的是系统地调查特征天气情况对北大西洋地区航空气候影响的影响，以确定最敏感的地区，并潜在地检测系统的天气相关的相似之处。如果飞机被重新布线以避免气候敏感区域，则可能减少整体航空气候影响。因此，大气对当地排放的敏感性为评估与天气相关的气候优化的飞行轨迹规划提供了基础。为了确定各个排放的气候变化作为位置，时间和天气情况的函数，局部排放的局部排放的辐射影响为O 3，CH 4，H 2 O和Contleail卷曲的变化通过ECHAM5 /凌乱的大气化学模型来计算。由此，得出了4维气候变化功能（CCF）。冬季和夏季考虑了北大西洋地区的典型天气情况。研究了o 3，ch 4，h 2 o和contleail cirrus ccfs的天气相关差异。确定了以下特征：在大规模提升的区域中检测到凝结盲卷的增强气候影响，而在喷射流的区域中发现了碰撞卷的低气候影响。向北60°？n，凝结尾部通常会导致冬季气候变暖，独立于天气情况。如果在喷射物流或高压脊的区域释放，则不会导致高阳性气候影响，从而诱导发出物种的向下和向下运输，而没有x排放，或向高纬度运输或运输导致低甚至负面气候影响。独立于天气状况，总X效应显示在〜250的最小值，升高到较高且较低的高度，夏季较高的积极影响比冬季更高。 H 2 O排放在较热门高度较低的地区释放时诱导高气候冲击，而较高的对象流高度的区域的低气候冲击会发生低气候冲击。 H 2 O CCF通常随高度的增加，冬季比夏季更大。所有单独物种的CCF都可以组合，促进考虑CO 2和空间和时间变化的非共同二氧化碳效应的飞机轨迹的总气候影响。此外，它们允许优化具有减少整体气候影响的飞机轨迹。这也有助于公平评估个体物种之间的权衡。在大多数地区，没有X和Contleail Cirrus占据对局部航空排放的敏感性。本研究的调查结果建议考虑与天气相关的飞行轨迹优化差异，有利于降低气候的总影响。

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