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Modeling the impact of COVID-19 on air quality in southern California: implications for future control policies

机译：建模Covid-19对加利福尼亚州南部空气质量的影响：对未来控制政策的影响

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In response to the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19), California issued statewide stay-at-home orders, bringing about abrupt and dramatic reductions in air pollutant emissions. This crisis offers us an unprecedented opportunity to evaluate the effectiveness of emission reductions in terms of air quality. Here we use the Weather Research and Forecasting model with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) in combination with surface observations to study the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown measures on air quality in southern California. Based on activity level statistics and satellite observations, we estimate the sectoral emission changes during the lockdown. Due to the reduced emissions, the population-weighted concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) decrease by 15?% in southern California. The emission reductions contribute 68?% of the PM 2.5 concentration decrease before and after the lockdown, while meteorology variations contribute the remaining 32?%. Among all chemical compositions, the PM 2.5 concentration decrease due to emission reductions is dominated by nitrate and primary components. For O 3 concentrations, the emission reductions cause a decrease in rural areas but an increase in urban areas; the increase can be offset by a 70?% emission reduction in anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs). These findings suggest that a strengthened control on primary PM 2.5 emissions and a well-balanced control on nitrogen oxides and VOC emissions are needed to effectively and sustainably alleviate PM 2.5 and O 3 pollution in southern California.
机译：响应2019年（Covid-19）的冠状病毒疾病，加利福尼亚州签发了州立外部订单，突然造成空气污染物排放的突然和急剧下降。这场危机为我们提供了一个前所未有的机会，可以评估空气质量方面减排的有效性。在这里，我们将天气研究和预测模型与化学（WRF-Chem）结合在于表面观察，研究Covid-19锁定措施对加州南部空气质量的影响。基于活动水平统计和卫星观察，我们估计在锁定期间的部门排放变化。由于排放减少，南加州的群体加权细颗粒物质（PM 2.5）的群体加权浓度降低了15μl％。减排在锁定前后PM 2.5浓度减少68倍，而气象变化会导致剩余的32？％。在所有化学组合物中，PM 2.5浓度由于排放减排而降低由硝酸盐和原批量导为主导。对于O 3浓度，减排导致农村地区减少，但城市地区增加;增加可以抵消人为挥发性有机化合物（VOC）的70？％排放减少。这些研究结果表明，在南加州的PM 2.5和O 3污染下，需要对初级PM 2.5排放和对氮氧化物和VOC排放进行良好平衡的控制的加强控制。

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