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Bentonite Nanoparticle Stability and the Effect of Fulvic Acids: Experiments and Modelling

机译：膨润土纳米粒子稳定性及富甲酸的作用：实验与建模

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In this study, the critical coagulation concentration (CCC) for FEBEX bentonite colloids is determined by colloid coagulation studies under variation of pH, electrolyte concentration, and fulvic acid (GoHy-573FA) content. For CaCl2 electrolyte solution, a pH-independent Ca-CCC of 1 mmol L?1 is found. In the case of NaCl background electrolyte, a pH-dependent Na-CCC can be determined with 15 ± 5 mmol L?1 at pH 6, 20 ± 5 mmol L?1 at pH 7, 200 ± 50 mmol L?1 at pH 8, 250 ± 50 mmol L?1 at pH 9, and 350 ± 100 mmol L?1 at pH 10, respectively. The addition of 1 mg L?1 dissolved organic carbon in the form of fulvic acid (FA) increases the Ca-CCC to 2 mmol L?1. An association of FA with FEBEX bentonite colloids as surface coating can clearly be identified by scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM). The experimental bentonite stability results are described by means of an extended DLVO (Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek) approach summing up hydration forces, short-range Born repulsion, van der Waals attraction, and electrical double layer repulsion. The measured zeta (ζ)-potential of the bentonite colloids is applied as platelet face electrokinetic potential and the edge electrokinetic potential is estimated by the combination of silica and alumina ζ-potential data in the ratio given by the FEBEX bentonite structural formula. Adjusting the montmorillonite face electrokinetic potential by a maximum of ±15.9 mV is sufficient to successfully reproduce the measured stability ratios. Due to the uncertainty in the ζ-potential measurement, only semiquantitative calculations of the stability ratio can be given.
机译：在该研究中，FeBex膨润土胶体的临界凝血浓度（CCC）由pH，电解质浓度和富乙酸（GOY-573Fa）含量的变化来确定胶体凝固研究。对于CaCl2电解质溶液，发现了1mmol L 1的pH无关的Ca-CCC。在NaCl背景电解质的情况下，pH依赖性Na-CCC可以用15±5mmol L 1在pH 6，20±5mmol L 1在pH下测定20±5mmol L = 1，在pH下在pH 9处，在pH9和pH10处的8,250±50mmolL≥1分别为350±100mmoll≥1。以富乙酸（Fa）的形式加入1mg L 1溶解的有机碳，将CO-CCC增加到2mmolL≥1。通过扫描透射X射线显微镜（STXM）可以清楚地鉴定与FABEX膨润土胶体作为表面涂层的联合。实验膨润土稳定性结果是通过扩展DLVO（Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Uplbeek）方法来描述的，总结水合力，短程出生的排斥，范德华景点和电双层排斥。膨润土胶体的测量Zeta（ζ）施加为血小板面电动电位，并且边缘电动电位通过二氧化硅和氧化铝Ⅳ的组合估计由FeBex膨润土结构式的比例的组合。调节Montmorillonite面部电动电位最大±15.9 mV足以成功再现测量的稳定性比率。由于Ⅳ势测量的不确定性，可以仅给出稳定比的半定量计算。

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