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Living Structure Down to Earth and Up to Heaven: Christopher Alexander

机译：生活结构到地球和天堂：克里斯托弗亚历山大

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Discovered by Christopher Alexander, living structure is a physical phenomenon, through which the quality of the built environment or artifacts can be judged objectively. It has two distinguishing properties just like a tree: “Far more small things than large ones” across all scales from the smallest to the largest, and “more or less similar things” on each scale. As a physical phenomenon, and mathematical concept, living structure is essentially empirical, discovered and developed from miniscule observation in nature- and human-made things, and it affects our daily lives in some practical ways, such as where to put a table or a flower vase in a room, helping us to make beautiful things and environments. Living structure is not only empirical, but also philosophical and visionary, enabling us to see the world and space in more meaningful ways. This paper is intended to defend living structure as a physical phenomenon, and a mathematical concept, clarifying some common questions and misgivings surrounding Alexander’s design thoughts, such as the objective or structural nature of beauty, building styles advocated by Alexander, and mysterious nature of his concepts. For this purpose, we first illustrate living structure—essentially organized complexity, as advocated by the late Jane Jacobs (1916–2006)—that is governed by two fundamental laws (scaling law and Tobler’s law), and generated in some step by step fashion by two design principles (differentiation and adaptation) through the 15 structural properties. We then verify why living structure is primarily empirical, drawing evidence from Alexander’s own work, as well as our case studies applied to the Earth’s surface including cities, streets, and buildings, and two logos. Before reaching conclusions, we concentrate on the most mysterious part of Alexander’s work—the luminous ground or the hypothesized “I”—as a substance that pervasively exists everywhere, in space and matter including our bodies, in order to make better sense of living structure in our minds.
机译：由克里斯托弗亚历山大发现的生活结构是一种物理现象，可以客观地判断内置环境或伪影的质量。它有两个不同的属性就像一棵树：“比大的东西比大的东西更小的东西”在所有比例中都是从最小到最大的尺度，以及每种规模上的“或多或少类似的东西”。作为一种物理现象，以及数学概念，生活结构基本上是经验的，从大自然和人造的东西中的微量观察发现和发展，并且它以一种实际的方式影响我们的日常生活，例如放置桌子或者花瓶在一个房间里，帮助我们制作美好的事物和环境。生活结构不仅是经验的，而且是哲学和有远见的，使我们能够以更有意义的方式看到世界和空间。本文旨在捍卫生活结构作为一种物理现象，以及数学概念，阐明了亚历山大的设计思想周围的一些常见问题和疑虑，例如美容的客观或结构性，由亚历山大主张的建筑款式，以及他的神秘性概念。为此目的，我们首先说明了生活结构 - 基本上有组织的复杂性，因为由晚简雅各（1916-2006）所倡导 - 这是由两个基本法律（扩展法和对付法律）的管辖，并在一步一步的时尚生成通过两个结构性质（分化和适应）通过15结构性质。然后，我们验证为什么生活结构主要是经验，从亚历山大自己的工作中绘制证据，以及我们的案例研究适用于地球表面，包括城市，街道和建筑物，以及两个标志。在得出结论之前，我们专注于亚历山大的工作中最神秘的部分 - 发光地面或假设的“我” - 在包括我们的身体的太空和物质中，普遍存在的内容，以便更好地生活结构在我们的脑海里。

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