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Research and Development Trends in Biodiesel

机译：生物柴油的研究发展趋势

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Biodiesel, a derivative from plant oils or animal fats, has gained widespread acceptance in recent years as a sustainable alternative fuel to petroleum diesel due to its environmental benefits and renewability. Although there are several different ways in which biodiesel can be used or formulated as a fuel such as direct blending, microemulsions and thermal cracking, the most widespread remains the alkyl esters of fatty acids obtained through transesterification of the oils or fats. In transesterification, triglycerides which are the main chemical in oils or fats are converted into esters through reaction with simple alcohols. The physical and chemical properties of the esters thus obtained are very similar to those of the petroleum diesel. This paper reviews the current technologies available for the transesterifications of vegetable oils and animal fats and identifies that the biggest factor deterring a greater market uptake of biodiesel is its cost. It concludes that, in addition to government policy framework, e.g. to reduce the pump price of biodiesel through fuel tax exemption, further technological development presents significant scope for improvement. At present, there are no suitable and developed transesterification technologies that can handle cheap, low-quality feedstocks including waste animal fats and spent cooking oils. These feedstocks contain high percentages of water and free fatty acids which are extremely detrimental to the yield and reaction rates of the transesterification processes. This paper also suggests some future research and development directions and requirements for more competitive biodiesel production.
机译：生物柴油是一种植物油或动物脂肪的衍生物，由于其环境效益和可再生性，近年来已作为石油柴油的可持续替代燃料得到了广泛认可。尽管可以使用多种方法将生物柴油用作燃料或将其配制为燃料，例如直接混合，微乳化和热裂解，但最广泛使用的是通过油脂酯交换获得的脂肪酸烷基酯。在酯交换反应中，油或脂肪中的主要化学成分甘油三酸酯通过与简单醇反应转化为酯。由此获得的酯的物理和化学性质与石油柴油的那些非常相似。本文回顾了当前可用于植物油和动物脂肪酯交换的技术，并确定了阻止生物柴油更大市场吸收的最大因素是其成本。结论是，除了政府政策框架外，例如为了通过免除燃油税降低生物柴油的零售价，进一步的技术发展将有很大的改进空间。当前，没有合适且发达的酯交换技术可以处理廉价，低质量的原料，包括废动物油脂和废食用油。这些原料含有高百分比的水和游离脂肪酸，这对酯交换过程的收率和反应速率极有害。本文还提出了一些未来的研发方向和对更具竞争力的生物柴油生产的要求。

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