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Constructed Wetlands for Water Pollution Control - Processes, Parameters and Performance

机译：用于控制水污染的人工湿地-过程，参数和性能

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Constructed wetlands are now recognised as an ecologically sustainable option for water pollution control. Natural wetlands are biologically diverse ecosystems. They provide an array of physical, biological and chemical processes to facilitate the removal, recycling, transformation or immobilisation of sediment and nutrients. Most of these processes are facilitated by the wetland vegetation, associated biofilms and micro-organisms. Wetland ecosystems are complex and the interactions between abiotic and biotic components are fundamental to an understanding of the treatment processes. Constructed wetlands must therefore be designed to have the attributes of natural wetland ecosystems. The treatment efficiency of a wetland system requires a balance between pollutant loading rate and hydraulic retention time, which is also affected by the water quality and quantity of waste-water effluent or stormwater runoff. The size of a wetland will depend upon the volume of runoff, pollutant characteristics, desired level of treatment and the extent to which the wetland is expected to function as a flood retention basin. Water depth and extent of inundation will determine the types and species of aquatic plants. A combination of emergent, submerged and floating species should be selected. Pretreatment and detention times are crucial parameters to maximise pollutant removal efficiency. Sedimentation ponds are important in stormwater wetlands to remove particulates, but dense vegetated macrophyte zones are essential to enhance the removal of suspended solids and nutrients. Ecologists and engineers need to work together to maximise the treatment efficiency of constructed wetlands. Planners and landscape architects' must become involved to ensure that stormwater wetlands have a multi-functional role in the urban setting. Constructed wetlands offer the ideal challenge to environmental engineers allowing for the integration of engineering and ecological principles to find the technical solution to fit both nature and society.
机译：人工湿地现已被公认为是控制水污染的生态可持续选择。天然湿地是生物多样性的生态系统。它们提供了一系列物理，生物和化学过程，以促进沉积物和营养物的去除，循环利用，转化或固定化。湿地植被，相关的生物膜和微生物促进了大多数这些过程。湿地生态系统非常复杂，非生物和生物成分之间的相互作用是理解治疗过程的基础。因此，人工湿地必须设计成具有自然湿地生态系统的属性。湿地系统的处理效率要求污染物负荷率和水力停留时间之间达到平衡，这也受到水质和废水流出量或雨水径流的影响。湿地的大小将取决于径流量，污染物的特性，所需的处理水平以及湿地有望作为防洪盆地的程度。水的深度和淹没程度将决定水生植物的种类和种类。应选择紧急，水下和漂浮物种的组合。预处理和滞留时间是使污染物去除效率最大化的关键参数。在雨水湿地中，沉淀池对于去除颗粒物很重要，但是茂密的植被大型植物区对于增强悬浮物和养分的去除至关重要。生态学家和工程师需要共同努力，以最大限度地提高人工湿地的处理效率。规划人员和景观设计师必须参与进来，以确保雨水湿地在城市环境中发挥多功能作用。人工湿地给环境工程师带来了理想的挑战，使他们能够将工程学和生态学原理相结合，从而找到适合自然和社会的技术解决方案。

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