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首页> 外文期刊>Doklady biochemistry & biophysics >Soft Ablation of Biological Objects Caused by Free-Electron Laser Submillimeter Radiation
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Soft Ablation of Biological Objects Caused by Free-Electron Laser Submillimeter Radiation

机译：自由电子亚毫米波辐射引起的生物物体的软消融

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The 21 st century is generally recognized to be a century of proteomics. After sequencing the human genome, the interaction between approximately 300000 proteins of the human body. Two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry are currently the basic methods of proteomics. In 1919, Aston built the first mass spectrometer, which was used to determine the isotopic composition of many chemical elements. For example, the stable isotopes ~(13)C, ~(15)N, ~(17)O, and ~2H(D) have been discovered. Later, chemists mastered this method. At present, a mass spectrum can be recorded for any substance that can be transferred into a gas phase, the molecular weight being determined from the mother peak of the spectrum, and the molecular structure being reconstructed from the fragments of molecules. The use of mass spectrometry in biology was prevented not so much by the large weights of biological molecules as by the impossibility to transfer them into a gas phase. This obstacle was overcome when the MALDI method had been developed. In this method, a matrix containing protein is exposed to an intense laser impulse 10~(-9)—10~(-6) s in length. This causes ablation, i.e., knocks molecules and their fragments out of the surface of the substrate. Usually, standard UV or near-IR lasers with a high quantum energy are used, which causes substantial destruction of molecules of the sample analyzed.
机译：21世纪被普遍认为是蛋白质组学的一个世纪。对人类基因组进行测序后，人体大约300000种蛋白质之间的相互作用。二维电泳和质谱是目前蛋白质组学的基本方法。 1919年，阿斯顿（Aston）建造了第一台质谱仪，该质谱仪用于确定许多化学元素的同位素组成。例如，已经发现了稳定的同位素〜（13）C，〜（15）N，〜（17）O和〜2H（D）。后来，化学家掌握了这种方法。目前，可以记录任何可以转移到气相中的物质的质谱图，分子量是从质谱图的母峰确定的，分子结构是从分子的片段重建的。质谱法在生物学中的使用并没有因为生物分子的重量过大而被阻止，而是由于无法将其转移到气相中而被阻止。开发MALDI方法时，克服了这一障碍。在这种方法中，将含有蛋白质的基质暴露于长度为10〜（-9）-10〜（-6）s的强激光脉冲中。这引起烧蚀，即，将分子及其片段从基底表面敲除。通常，使用具有高量子能量的标准UV或近红外激光器，这会导致所分析样品分子的大量破坏。

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