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Near-source seismic hazard and design scenarios

机译：近源地震灾害和设计方案

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Earthquakes damage engineering structures near, relatively to the rupture's size, to the source. In this region, the fault's dynamics affect ground motion propagation differently from site to site, resulting in systematic spatial variability known as directivity. Although a number of researches recommend that records with directivity-related velocity pulses should be explicitly taken into account when defining design seismic action on structures, probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA), in its standard version, seems inadequate for the scope. In the study, it is critically reviewed why, from the structural engineering point of view, hazard assessment should account for near-source effects (i.e., pulse-like ground motions), and how this can be carried out adjusting PSHA analytically via introduction of specific terms and empirically calibrated models. Disaggregation analysis and design scenarios for near-source PSHA are also formulated. The analytical procedures are then applied to develop examples of hazard estimates for sites close to strike-slip or dip-slip faults and to address differences with respect to the ordinary case, that is, when pulse-like effects are not explicitly accounted for. Significant increase of hazard for selected spectral ordinates is found in all investigated cases; increments depend on the fault-site configuration. Moreover, to address design scenarios for seismic actions on structures, disaggregation results are also discussed, along with limitations of current design spectra to highlight the pulse-like effects of structural interest. Finally, an attempt to overcome these, by means of disaggregation-based scenarios specific for the pulse occurrence case, is presented.
机译：相对于破裂的大小，地震将震源破坏到工程结构附近。在该区域，断层的动力学对地面运动传播的影响因地点而异，从而导致系统的空间变异性，即方向性。尽管许多研究建议在定义结构上的设计地震作用时应明确考虑与方向性相关的速度脉冲的记录，但标准版本的概率地震危险性分析（PSHA）似乎不足以涵盖该范围。在研究中，从结构工程的角度出发，认真审查了为什么危害评估应考虑近源效应（即类似脉冲的地面运动），以及如何通过引入噪声来分析性地调整PSHA来进行。具体术语和经验校准模型。还制定了近源PSHA的分解分析和设计方案。然后应用分析程序来为靠近走滑或倾滑断层的地点开发风险估算示例，并解决与普通情况（即未明确考虑类脉冲效应）的差异。在所有调查的案例中，选定光谱纵坐标的危害显着增加；增量取决于故障现场的配置。此外，为了解决结构上地震作用的设计方案，还讨论了分解结果以及当前设计谱的局限性，以突出显示结构感兴趣的脉冲状效应。最后，提出了一种尝试通过特定于脉冲发生情况的基于分解的方案克服这些问题的尝试。

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