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Seismic retrofit of George Massey Tunnel

机译：乔治·梅西隧道的抗震改造

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The 629 m long immersed George Massey Tunnel passes under the south arm of the Frascr River near Vancouver, British Columbia. The tunnel was completed in 1959. Based on current seismic design standards, the precast concrete structure is grossly under-reinforced in the longitudinal direction. Buckland & Taylor Ltd was retained by the Ministry of Transportation of British Columbia to conduct a seismic assessment and final design for the seismic safety retrofit of the tunnel. A number of vulnerabilities were identified including soil liquefaction in the loose jetted sand and native deposits underneath the tunnel, resulting in tunnel flotation, large differential lateral displacements, and post-liquefaction consolidation settlements, subsequently imposing large tensile and compressive forces in the weak tunnel joints. The situation of cracking and water leakage potentially creates a life hazard in the event of a major earthquake. During the final design, detailed non-linear dynamic geotechnical analyses were conducted to study the effects of soil liquefaction and to evaluate ground improvement measures. Detailed structural analyses were also conducted considering different proposed retrofit schemes to enable the tunnel section to handle the soil displacement demands. Centrifuge model testing was used to calibrate and verify the liquefaction characteristics predicted by the numerical models and the proposed densification and gravel drainage techniques. Field testing of gravel drains was performed to collect data on the performance of different types of gravel drains.
机译：长达629 m的沉浸式乔治·梅西隧道（George Massey Tunnel）经过不列颠哥伦比亚省温哥华附近的弗拉斯河（Frascr River）南臂下方。该隧道于1959年完工。根据现行的抗震设计标准，预制混凝土结构在纵向上严重受力不足。 Buckland＆Taylor Ltd被不列颠哥伦比亚省交通运输部聘请，负责地震评估和隧道抗震安全改造的最终设计。确定了许多脆弱性，包括松散的喷砂中的土壤液化和隧道下面的天然沉积物，导致隧道浮选，较大的横向位移和液化后固结沉降，随后在弱的隧道缝中施加了很大的拉伸和压缩力。发生大地震时，破裂和漏水的情况可能会造成生命危险。在最终设计期间，进行了详细的非线性动力岩土分析，以研究土壤液化的影响并评估地面改良措施。还考虑了不同的拟议改造方案进行了详细的结构分析，以使隧道段能够满足土壤位移的要求。离心模型测试用于校准和验证数值模型以及拟议的致密化和砾石排水技术所预测的液化特性。对砾石排水管进行了现场测试，以收集有关不同类型的砾石排水管性能的数据。

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