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Tree island pattern formation in the Florida Everglades

机译：佛罗里达大沼泽地的树岛模式形成

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摘要

The Florida Everglades freshwater landscape exhibits a distribution of islands covered by woody vegetation and bordered by marshes and wet prairies. Known as "tree islands", these ecogeomorphic features can be found in few other low gradient, nutrient limited freshwater wetlands. In the last few decades, however, a large percentage of tree islands have either shrank or disappeared in apparent response to altered water depths and other stressors associated with human impacts on the Everglades. Because the processes determining the formation and spatial organization of tree islands remain poorly understood, it is still unclear what controls the sensitivity of these landscapes to altered conditions. We hypothesize that positive feedbacks between woody plants and soil accretion are crucial to emergence and decline of tree islands. Likewise, positive feedbacks between phosphorus (P) accumulation and trees explain the P enrichment commonly observed in tree island soils. Here, we develop a spatially-explicit model of tree island formation and evolution, which accounts for these positive feedbacks (facilitation) as well as for long range competition and fire dynamics. It is found that tree island patterns form within a range of parameter values consistent with field data. Simulated impacts of reduced water levels, increased intensity of drought, and increased frequency of dry season/soil consuming fires on these feedback mechanisms result in the decline and disappearance of tree islands on the landscape. Published by Elsevier B.V.
机译：佛罗里达大沼泽地的淡水景观展现出一些岛屿分布，这些岛屿被木本植物覆盖，被沼泽和湿草原包围。这些生态地貌特征被称为“树岛”，可在其他少数低梯度，营养有限的淡水湿地中发现。然而，在过去的几十年中，由于对水深的变化以及与人类对大沼泽地的影响相关的其他压力，表面上的反应明显地使大比例的树岛萎缩或消失。由于确定树岛的形成和空间组织的过程仍然知之甚少，因此仍不清楚是什么控制了这些景观对变化的条件的敏感性。我们假设木本植物和土壤增生之间的积极反馈对于树木岛的出现和衰落至关重要。同样，磷（P）积累与树木之间的正反馈解释了在树木岛土壤中通常观察到的磷富集。在这里，我们开发了一个树状岛形成和演化的空间明确模型，该模型考虑了这些积极的反馈（促进）以及远距离竞争和火灾动态。发现树形岛图案形成在与田地数据一致的参数值范围内。降低水位，增加干旱强度以及增加旱季/耗油火的频率对这些反馈机制的模拟影响导致景观中树木岛的消失和消失。由Elsevier B.V.发布

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