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Predicting evolution of insect resistance to transgenic crops in within-field refuge configurations, based on larval movement

机译：基于幼虫运动预测昆虫在场内避难所配置中对转基因作物的抗性演变

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The selection pressure imposed by the widespread use of transgenic technologies can lead to the evolution of insect resistance, and the availability of refuge areas that allow susceptible homozygous insects to survive is a key factor in delaying the evolution of resistance in agricultural landscapes. Different strategies to exploit refuge areas exist, but several insect-related ecological traits may directly affect the efficiency of refuges in slowing the development of resistance. Insect larval movement is one such trait that may affect the management of resistance, depending on the refuge strategy adopted. We developed a computational model to simulate how larval movement would affect the spatio-temporal dynamics of the evolution of resistance of insect pests to Bt crops, under different refuge configurations. In order to test the model, we used population data for Spodoptera frugiperda, one of the main target pests for control with Bt toxins. Simulations were run for spatial arrangements composed of three refuge configurations (seed mixture, blocks, and strips), with sizes ranging from 20% to 50% for two types of resistance (incomplete and complete) and three rates of larval movement (proportion of larvae moving per time step), equal to 0, 0.1 and 0.5. We demonstrated that with a seed mixture, in most cases the higher the rate of larval movement, the higher the proportion of resistant insects in the population in an area, regardless of the type of resistance tested. Strip configurations showed the opposite trend. In a block configuration, the number of resistant larvae was highest at an intermediate dispersal rate (0.1). We concluded that larval movement is an important variable affecting the evolution of resistance to Bt crops, but its effect depends on the type of resistance and the configuration and size of the refuge. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
机译：转基因技术的广泛应用所施加的选择压力可能导致昆虫抗性的发展，而允许易感纯合昆虫存活的避难所区域的可用性是延迟农业景观中抗性发展的关键因素。存在各种开发避难区的策略，但是一些与昆虫相关的生态特征可能会直接影响避难所的效率，从而减缓抗药性的发展。昆虫的幼虫运动是一种可能影响抗性管理的特性，具体取决于所采用的避难策略。我们开发了一个计算模型来模拟在不同的避难所配置下，幼虫的运动将如何影响害虫对Bt作物的抗性演变的时空动态。为了测试该模型，我们使用了Spodoptera frugiperda的种群数据，Spodoptera frugiperda是控制Bt​​毒素的主要目标害虫之一。对由三种避难所配置（种子混合物，块和条）组成的空间布置进行了模拟，大小范围从20％到50％不等，用于两种类型的抵抗力（不完全和完全）和三种幼虫移动率（幼虫的比例）每时间步长移动），等于0、0.1和0.5。我们证明了使用种子混合物，在大多数情况下，幼虫运动的速率越高，该区域中种群中抗性昆虫的比例越高，而与所测试的抗性类型无关。带状结构显示相反的趋势。在块状结构中，在中间扩散速率（0.1）下，抗性幼虫的数量最高。我们得出的结论是，幼虫运动是影响对Bt作物抗性演变的重要变量，但其作用取决于抗性的类型以及避难所的结构和大小。 （C）2016 Elsevier B.V.保留所有权利。

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