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Context Matters: Exploring the Cost-effectiveness of Fixed Payments and Procurement Auctions for PES

机译：上下文事项：探索PES固定付款和采购拍卖的成本效益

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摘要

Successfully implemented payment for ecosystem services (PES) programs can provide both conservation of nature and financial support to rural communities. In this paper, we explore how PES programs can be designed so as to maximize the amount of additional ecosystem services provided for a given budget. We also provide a brief summary of the use of auction mechanisms in real world PES programs. To explore the potential additionality of different PES program designs we use a conceptual agent based simulation model where payments are either fixed, or set through a uniform or discriminatory auction. The program can also be designed to target payments to land-owners based on their provision of ecosystem services. Theoretically, auctions should be the most effective design, especially if payments are differentiated and targeted by ecosystem service provision. However, what we find is that the context in which the PES program is implemented baseline compliance with program standards among the participants, correlation between opportunity costs and ecosystem services in the landscape, heterogeneity in costs and budget size has a determining impact on the relative effectiveness of the different payment designs, with fixed payments schemes being much more effective than auctions in certain settings. Our findings suggest that context should be taken into serious consideration when a PES program design is chosen.
机译：成功实施的生态系统服务付费方案可以为农村社区提供自然保护和资金支持。在本文中，我们探讨了如何设计PES程序，以便在给定预算下最大限度地提供更多的生态系统服务。我们还提供了在现实世界的PES程序中使用拍卖机制的简短摘要。为了探索不同PES程序设计的潜在额外性，我们使用基于概念代理的模拟模型，在该模型中，付款是固定的，或者通过统一或歧视性拍卖来设置。该计划还可以设计为根据土地所有者提供的生态系统服务向其付款。从理论上讲，拍卖应该是最有效的设计，尤其是如果付款因生态系统服务的提供而有所区别和有针对性。但是，我们发现，在实施PES计划的情况下，参与者的计划标准与基准相符，机会成本与景观中的生态系统服务之间的相关性，成本的异质性和预算规模对相对有效性具有决定性的影响。在某些情况下，固定付款方案要比拍卖有效得多。我们的发现表明，选择PES程序设计时应认真考虑环境。

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