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首页> 外文期刊>Ecological research >Facultative multiple breeding as a female conditional strategy in Japanese tits: partner's quality affects the initiation of second clutches
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Facultative multiple breeding as a female conditional strategy in Japanese tits: partner's quality affects the initiation of second clutches

机译：兼性多重繁殖是日本山雀的一项女性条件策略：伴侣的素质会影响第二代离合器的启动

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Multiple breeding within the same season is a typical reproductive strategy among short-lived species. Despite the apparent increase in the number of offspring, not all individuals become multiple breeders in most species or populations, known as facultative multiple breeding (FMB). Elucidating the mechanisms producing FMB would be a significant contribution to a better understanding of the complex life histories in wild populations. In the present study, we regarded FMB as a female alternative reproductive tactic (ART) and examined the factors affecting reproductive decisions. ARTs have been investigated mostly in males and male conditions. However, in many bird species both parents raise their offspring and, therefore, a partner's condition may also affect ARTs. We analyzed 6 years of data on multiple breeding in Japanese tits (Parus minor) in northern Japan, where nearly half of breeding pairs reproduce multiple times within breeding seasons. We found that females started breeding early were more likely to breed again in that season. Also, females paired with older males start breeding earlier, suggesting that factors associated with male age, such as territory quality, influence whether a female has multiple broods or not. We found no trade-off between multiple breeding and female apparent survival. Rather, multiple breeders exhibited a higher apparent survival than single breeders. These results suggested that late-started females may take an alternative tactic by avoiding the cost of second breeding and concentrating on post-fledging care of the first broods. We also demonstrated the partner's roles in the decision of conditional strategy.
机译：在短寿命物种中，同一季节内的多次繁殖是典型的繁殖策略。尽管后代数量明显增加，但并不是在大多数物种或种群中，并非所有个体都成为多育种者，被称为兼性多育种（FMB）。阐明产生FMB的机制将对更好地理解野生种群的复杂生活史做出重大贡献。在本研究中，我们将FMB视为女性的替代生殖策略（ART），并研究了影响生殖决策的因素。对ART的研究主要在男性和男性条件下进行。但是，在许多鸟类中，父母双方都会抚养其后代，因此，伴侣的状况也可能影响抗逆转录病毒疗法。我们分析了日本北部日本山雀（小山雀）的多次繁殖的6年数据，其中近一半的繁殖对在繁殖季节内多次繁殖。我们发现雌性开始早期繁殖的可能性更大。而且，雌性与年长雄性配对时，更早开始育种，这表明与雄性年龄相关的因素（例如地域质量）会影响雌性是否有多个育雏。我们发现多重繁殖与雌性表观存活率之间没有权衡。而是，多个育种者表现出比单个育种者更高的表观存活率。这些结果表明，起步较晚的雌性可以采取另一种策略，避免第二次繁殖的费用，而只专注于初次繁殖后代。我们还展示了合作伙伴在条件策略决策中的作用。

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