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首页> 外文期刊>Ecological research >Recurved Taraxacum phyllaries function as a floral defense: experimental evidence and its implication for Taraxacum evolutionary history
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Recurved Taraxacum phyllaries function as a floral defense: experimental evidence and its implication for Taraxacum evolutionary history

机译：递归的蒲公英属植物具有花卉防御作用：实验证据及其对蒲公英进化史的启示

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摘要

Florivores directly decrease the reproductive success of plants by consuming pollen and seeds; thus, plants often have defense mechanisms against florivory. Here, we show that the recurved phyllaries of an agamospermous hybrid dandelion, Taraxacum japonicum x officinale, function as a physical barrier to slug florivory. We allowed Lehmannia valentiana, a European slug naturalized in Japan, to feed on eight pairs of the hybrid dandelion and T. japonicum, a Japanese species with erect phyllaries. Consequently, the slugs only damaged T. platycarpum flowers. The slugs either moved back from recurved phyllaries or spent more than twice as long on recurved than on erect phyllaries. When we removed the recurved phyllaries, the slugs stayed on hybrid and T. japonicum phyllaries for equal lengths of time. In addition to recurved outer phyllaries, the hybrid dandelion has erect inner phyllaries that are longer than those of T. japonicum, which effectively conceal the florets at night protecting them from slug florivory. Using the taxonomic literature, we have confirmed that recurved phyllaries evolved in many species in several parts of Europe, but are rare in East Asia. These findings suggest that European dandelions acquired recurved phyllaries as a defense mechanism under antagonistic coevolution with florivorous slugs, but this coevolution did not occur in East Asia.
机译：食用花粉和种子会直接降低植物的繁殖成功率；因此，植物通常具有抵御花叶的防御机制。在这里，我们显示了无精子的杂种蒲公英蒲公英蒲公英的反曲后根系，是对的一个物理屏障。我们允许在日本归化的欧洲Lehmannia valentiana取食八对杂交蒲公英和日本直穗铁线莲，日本直立的种。因此，这些团块仅破坏了桔梗的花朵。这些either要么从弯曲的re回移，要么花在弯曲上的时间是直立的两倍以上。当我们移除后弯的亲戚时，这些ug在杂种和日本卷柏亲戚上停留的时间相等。除弯曲的外部门外，杂种蒲公英的直立内部门生比日本刺槐还长，可在晚上有效地隐藏小花，保护它们免受虫侵害。使用分类学文献，我们已经确认，在欧洲几个地区，许多物种都进化出了弯曲的后缘，但在东亚却很少。这些发现表明，欧洲蒲公英在与花riv的对抗性共同进化下获得了弯曲的亲缘作为防御机制，但这种进化在东亚并未发生。

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