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Effects of management intensity and orchard features on bird communities in winter

机译：经营强度和果园特征对冬季鸟类群落的影响

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摘要

The knowledge and conservation of diminishing valuable habitats in agricultural landscapes are of key importance in saving declining farmland biodiversity. One of these habitats is the traditional orchard whose role in supporting birds is still poorly known, especially in winter. We counted birds in 106 orchards differing in management intensity (abandoned, traditional, and intensive) during December 2009 and January 2010 in Wielkopolska, western Poland and measured site characteristics and composition of surrounding landscapes for every orchard. Old abandoned and traditionally managed orchards had significantly higher bird species richness than intensive ones. Irrespective of orchard type, bird species richness as well as density were positively influenced by the cover of unmown herb layer in orchards and tree diversity. Tree and fruit densities positively affected bird species richness and density mainly in abandoned orchards while in other orchard types the effect of these variables was less pronounced. Land cover diversity in a landscape had a positive effect on species richness and density mostly in abandoned orchards and we believe that this effect reflects the elevated utilization of such orchards by birds from the surrounding landscape. Thus, abandoned, as well as traditionally managed orchards seems to be especially important habitats that offer food source and refuge for wintering birds and should be protected. We propose to diversify fruit production by planting various tree species, leaving part of the herb layer unmown and several trees unharvested in intensive orchards in order to improve suitability of modern orchards for birds.
机译：在减少不断减少的农田生物多样性方面，了解和保护农业景观中宝贵的栖息地正在减少至关重要。这些生境之一是传统的果园，其在支持鸟类方面的作用仍然知之甚少，尤其是在冬天。我们在2009年12月至2010年1月期间在波兰西部的Wielkopolska对106个果园中管理强度不同（废弃，传统和集约化）的鸟类进行了计数，并测量了每个果园的场地特征和周围景观的组成。旧的废弃果园和传统管理的果园比集约化的果园具有更高的鸟类物种丰富度。无论果园类型如何，果园中未割草层的覆盖率和树木多样性都对鸟类物种的丰富度和密度产生积极影响。树木和果实的密度主要影响废弃果园的鸟类物种的丰富度和密度，而在其他果园类型中，这些变量的影响不太明显。景观中的土地覆盖多样性对废弃果园的物种丰富度和密度产生了积极影响，我们认为这种影响反映了周围景观鸟类对此类果园的利用增加。因此，废弃的果园以及传统上管理的果园似乎是特别重要的栖息地，它们为越冬的鸟类提供了食物来源和庇护所，应当予以保护。为了提高现代果园对鸟类的适应性，我们建议通过种植各种树种来使水果生产多样化，而在密集果园中不留部分草本层和不收割几棵树木。

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  • 来源
    《Ecological research》 |2013年第3期|503-512|共10页
  • 作者

    Lukasz Myczko; Zuzanna M. Rosin; Piotr Skorka; Przemyslaw Wylegala; Marcin Tobolka; Monika Fliszkiewicz; Tadeusz Mizera; Piotr Tryjanowski;

  • 作者单位

    Institute of Zoology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71C, 60-625 Poznan, Poland;

    Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam MickiewiczUniversity, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznan, Poland;

    Institute of Zoology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71C, 60-625 Poznan, Poland;

    Polish Society for Nature Protection Salamandra,Stolarska 7/3, 60-788 Poznan, Poland;

    Institute of Zoology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71C, 60-625 Poznan, Poland;

    Institute of Zoology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71C, 60-625 Poznan, Poland;

    Institute of Zoology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71C, 60-625 Poznan, Poland;

    Institute of Zoology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71C, 60-625 Poznan, Poland;

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  • 正文语种 eng
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  • 关键词

    Apple; Ecosystem services; Farmland Fruit; Landscape; Poland;

    机译：苹果;生态系统服务;农田水果景观;波兰;

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