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Community-dependent foraging habits of flower visitors: cascading indirect interactions among five bumble bee species

机译：花卉游客的社区依赖性觅食习惯：五种大黄蜂物种之间的级联间接相互作用

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Despite the ubiquity and the importance of interspecific interactions among flower visitors, few studies have examined their effects on the realized feeding niches of visitor species in a community context. To evaluate the community-wide effects of interactions among flower visitors, I have examined changes in the flower utilization patterns of each visitor species at several sites where the component of the visitor's community differed. Specifically, I compared the flower preferences and foraging habits (legitimate foraging vs. primary nectar robbing vs. secondary nectar robbing) of five bumble bee species in flower patches consisting of Trifo-lium pratense L. (red clover) and T. repens L. (white clover) on Hokkaido Island, Japan. I also examined the nectar production and standing crops of each flower species to evaluate the exploitation competition based on nectar. The bumble bee species exhibited different flower utilization patterns among sites. At sites where the long-tongued Bombus diversus tersatus was common and the exotic short-tongued B. terrestris was rare, B. diversus tersatus visited red clover (long-tubed flowers) exclusively, whereas medium-tongued B. pseudobaicalensis and short-tongued B. hypocrita sapporoensis and B. hypnorum koropokkrus preferentially visited white clover (short-tubed flowers). Conversely, at sites where the long-tongued bee was rare, four other species frequently visited red clover in different modes: B. pseudobaicalensis visited legitimately, B. hypocrita sapporoensis and B. terrestris visited as primary nectar robbers, and B. hypnorum koropokkrus visited as a secondary nectar robber. The presence or absence of resource exploitation by the long-tongued species and the interaction between primary and secondary nectar robbers via robbing holes was the major ecological sources of these differences. Diverse effects of interactions among flower visitors played important roles in shaping pattern of plant and flower visitor interactions.
机译：尽管花访者之间普遍存在并且种间相互作用很重要，但很少有研究在社区背景下研究它们对访花者实现的觅食生态位的影响。为了评估花访客之间的互动对整个社区的影响，我研究了在访客社区组成不同的几个地点，每个访客物种的花卉利用模式的变化。具体来说，我比较了由三叶草（红三叶草）和三叶草组成的花斑中五种黄蜂品种的花偏好和觅食习性（合法觅食与初花蜜抢劫与次生花蜜抢劫）。 （白三叶草）在日本北海道岛上。我还研究了每种花卉种类的花蜜产量和现存作物，以评估基于花蜜的开发竞争。大黄蜂物种在部位之间表现出不同的花朵利用模式。在长舌的熊呼吸器常见，而异国短舌的夜蛾罕见的场所，短柄的夜蛾仅访问红三叶草（长管花），而中舌的假双歧杆菌和短舌。札幌短杆菌B. hypnorum koropokkrus优先访问白三叶草（短管花）。相反，在长话少见的蜜蜂稀少的地方，其他四个物种经常以不同的方式拜访红三叶草：合法拜访假三叶草，作为主要花蜜强盗拜访海蓝花和毛地黄芽孢杆菌，以及拜访hyponorum koropokkrus作为次要的花蜜强盗。这些差异的主要生态来源是长舌物种是否存在资源开发以及主要和次要花蜜抢劫者之间通过抢劫孔的相互作用。花访客之间相互作用的不同作用在植物和花访客相互作用的形成模式中起重要作用。

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