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Who really ate the fruit? A novel approach to camera trapping for quantifying frugivory by ruminants

机译：谁真正吃了水果？一种用于反刍动物定量捕食的新型相机捕获方法

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摘要

Tropical forest ruminants disperse several plants; yet, their effectiveness as seed dispersers is not systematically quantified. Information on frequency and extent of frugivory by ruminants is lacking. Techniques such as tree watches or fruit traps adapted from avian frugivore studies are not suitable to study terrestrial frugivores, and conventional camera traps provide little quantitative information. We used a novel time-delay camera-trap technique to assess the effectiveness of ruminants as seed dispersers for Phyllanthus emblica at Mudumalai, southern India. After being triggered by animal movement, cameras were programmed to take pictures every 2 min for the next 6 min, yielding a sequence of four pictures. Actual frugivores were differentiated from mere visitors, who did not consume fruit, by comparing the number of fruit remaining across the time-delay photograph sequence. During a 2-year study using this technique, we found that six terrestrial mammals consumed fallen P. emblica fruit. Additionally, seven mammals and one bird species visited fruiting trees but did not consume fallen fruit. Two ruminants, the Indian chevrotain Moschiola indica and chital Axis axis, were P. emblica's most frequent frugivores and they accounted for over 95% of fruit removal, while murid rodents accounted for less than 1%. Plants like P. emblica that are dispersed mainly by large mammalian frugivores are likely to have limited ability to migrate across fragmented landscapes in response to rapidlyrnchanging climates. We hope that more quantitative information on ruminant frugivory will become available with a wider application of our time-delay camera-trap technique.
机译：热带森林反刍动物分散了几种植物。然而，它们作为种子分散剂的功效尚未得到系统的量化。缺乏反刍动物节食的频率和程度的信息。从鸟类节食研究改编的树状表或水果陷阱等技术不适合研究陆地节食，传统的相机陷阱几乎无法提供定量信息。我们使用了一种新型的延时相机捕获技术来评估反刍动物作为印度南部穆杜马莱的余甘子的种子分散剂的有效性。在受到动物运动的触发之后，对相机进行了编程，使其在接下来的6分钟内每2分钟拍摄一次照片，从而产生了四张照片的序列。通过比较整个延时照片序列中剩余的水果数量，将实际的食欲与不食用水果的访客区分开。在使用该技术进行的为期2年的研究中，我们发现有6种陆地哺乳动物食用掉落的余甘子体果实。此外，有7种哺乳动物和1种鸟类参观了果树，但没有食用掉落的果实。两种反刍动物，印度雪佛兰Moschiola indica和Chital Axis轴，是余甘子李最常见的果肉，占去除水果的95％以上，而杂种啮齿动物则不到1％。像P. emblica这样的植物，主要​​是被大型的哺乳动物食肉动物所散布，因此响应气候变化迅速，它们迁移到零散的景观中的能力可能有限。我们希望，随着我们的延时相机捕获技术的广泛应用，反刍动物节食的更多定量信息将变得可用。

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