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Simulating boreal forest dynamics from perspectives of ecophysiology, resource availability, and climate change

机译：从生态生理学，资源可获得性和气候变化的角度模拟北方森林动态

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Boreal forests are under strong influences from climate change, and alterations in forest dynamics will have significant impacts on global climate-biosphere feedback as well as local to regional conservation and resource management. To understand the mechanisms of forest dynamics and to assess the fate of boreal forests, simulation studies should be based on plant eco-physiological responses onto environmental conditions. In central Canadian boreal forests, local geomorphology created by past glacial activities often generates a mosaic of very distinctive forest types. On sandy hilltop of a glacial till, due to limitations in moisture availability and short fire return intervals, drought-tolerant and fire-adapted jack pine usually becomes the dominant species. On mesic and nutrient-rich slopes, fast-growing and resource-demanding trembling aspen forms mixed forests with coniferous species. In bottomland, black spruce, slowly growing but tolerant species, is often the only species that can survive to the adult stage. These three very distinctive forest types often occur within a scale of 10 m. Simulation models of boreal forests should be able to reproduce this heterogeneity in forest structure and composition as an emergent property of plant ecophys-iological responses to varying environmental properties. In this study, a process-based forest dynamics model, ecosystem demography model version 1.0, is used to mechanically reproduce the landscape heterogeneity duernto edaphic variations. First, boreal tree species of northern Manitoba, Canada, are parameterized according to field observations, and, to explicitly capture interactions among tree saplings, allometric equations based on diameter at height of 0.15 m, instead of the conventional breast height of 1.37 m, is parameterized. Then, soil moisture regime and nutrient concentrations are statistically incorporated from a dataset. The resultant simulation successfully reproduces the distinctive forest dynamics influenced by the edaphic heterogeneity. The sequences of succession and the trajectories of forest development are generally consistent with the field observations. The differences in resource availability are the essential control on equilibrium values of total forest leaf area index. Next, to show the effect of anthropogenic atmospheric changes, changes in temperature and CO_2 concentrations are studied by a set of factorial experiments. The magnitude of CO_2 fertilization is largely affected by soil fertility. The temperature rise will increase the length of growing season, but can have a negative impact on forest growth by increasing aridity and autotrophic respiration. Overall, the boreal forest responses to climate change are complex due to the inherent edaphic variations and ecophysiological responses.
机译：北方森林受到气候变化的强烈影响，森林动态的变化将对全球气候-生物圈反馈以及地方到区域保护和资源管理产生重大影响。为了了解森林动力学机制并评估北方森林的命运，模拟研究应基于对环境条件的植物生态生理响应。在加拿大中部的北方森林中，过去的冰川活动所形成的局部地貌通常会产生非常独特的森林类型的马赛克。在冰川耕作的沙质山顶上，由于水分供应的限制和短的回火间隔，耐旱和适应火的千斤顶松树通常成为优势种。在内陆和营养丰富的山坡上，生长迅速且资源紧张的白杨形成了针叶树种混交林。在低地，黑云杉，缓慢生长但可以忍受的物种，通常是唯一可以存活到成年阶段的物种。这三种非常独特的森林类型通常发生在10 m的范围内。北方森林的模拟模型应该能够再现森林结构和组成的这种异质性，作为植物对不同环境特性的生态生理反应的新兴特性。在这项研究中，基于过程的森林动力学模型，即生态系统人口统计学模型版本1.0，用于机械地再现由于水生变化而引起的景观异质性。首先，根据现场观察对加拿大北部马尼托巴省的北方树种进行参数化，并且为了明确捕获树苗之间的相互作用，基于高度为0.15 m的直径而不是常规的胸部高度为1.37 m的异速方程是参数化。然后，从数据集中统计合并土壤水分状况和养分含量。模拟结果成功地再现了受深层异质性影响的独特森林动态。演替的顺序和森林发展的轨迹通常与实地观察一致。资源可用性的差异是对森林总叶面积指数平衡值的基本控制。接下来，为了显示人为大气变化的影响，通过一系列析因实验研究了温度和CO_2浓度的变化。土壤肥力很大程度上影响了CO_2的施肥量。温度升高将延长生长期，但会因干旱和自养呼吸增加而对森林生长产生负面影响。总体而言，北方森林对气候变化的反应是复杂的，这是由于其固有的深部变化和生态生理反应。

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