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首页> 外文期刊>Ecological research >Identification of subpopulations of North American elk (Cervus elaphus L.) using multiple lines of evidence: habitat use,dietary choice, and fecal stable isotopes
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Identification of subpopulations of North American elk (Cervus elaphus L.) using multiple lines of evidence: habitat use,dietary choice, and fecal stable isotopes

机译：使用多种证据鉴定北美麋鹿（Cervus elaphus L.）的亚群：栖息地利用，饮食选择和粪便稳定同位素

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摘要

We used multiple lines of evidence to assess habitat selection, dietary choice, and nutritional outcomes for a population of North American elk (Cervus elaphus), confined to a relatively small and isolated landscape of public and private land in south-central Great Plains, USA. The area of suitable elk habitat was a topographically diverse matrix of mature oak savannah, C_4-dominated grasslands, and C_3-dominated agricultural fields surrounded by unsuitable lowlands fragmented by anthropogenic activities. We hypothesized that such disparity in habitat availability and quality resulted in subpopulation differences in the overall elk population. We used 3 methods to evaluate this premise: radiotelemetry to determine home range and habitat use, microhistology of plant fragments in feces to determine dietary selection, and fecal nitrogen (N) and stable isotope ratios of nitrogen (δ~(15)N) and carbon (δ~(13)C) to assessrnnutritional outcomes of habitat use and dietary choice. By comparing these 3 approaches, we wanted to determine if fecal indices alone could efficiently and accurately identify subpopulation structuring. Compositional analyses from radiotelemetry observations of 21 female elk identified 2 subpopulations that occupied relatively disjunct areas and showed differential preferences for forested and cultivated fields in summer but comparable preferences for cultivated fields in winter. A third unmarked subpopulation of elk was known to be largely confined to an adjacent wildlife refuge. Microhistological analyses of feces collected in all 3 areas highlighted distinct diets, outcomes of habitat occupation by the 3 subpopulations. Increased use of cultivated forages in winter was evident for 2 of the subpopulations, but the extent of use by elk was dependent on availability of cultivated forages in areas they occupied. The refuge subpopulation had no access to cultivated forage. Fecal N, fecal δ~(13)C, and fecal δ~(15)N supported the premise that the subpopulation with the greatest access to cultivated forages was on a higher nutritional plane than the other 2 subpopulations. Changes in fecal N, fecal δ~(13)C, and fecal δ~(15)N paralleled percentages of cultivated forages in the diets highlighting the utility of such fecal indices as supplemental to or surrogates for traditional methods of habitat use and dietary selection in free-ranging ungulates.
机译：我们使用多条证据来评估北美麋鹿（Cervus elaphus）的栖息地选择，饮食选择和营养结果，并将其限制在美国大平原中南部相对较小的公共和私人土地景观。合适的麋鹿栖息地区域是成熟的橡树大草原，以C_4为主的草原和以C_3为主的农田的地貌多样矩阵，周围都是由于人为活动而分裂的不合适的低地。我们假设栖息地可用性和质量的这种差异导致整个麋鹿种群的亚种群差异。我们使用3种方法来评估此前提：放射性遥测法确定家庭范围和栖息地使用情况，粪便中植物碎片的显微组织学确定饮食选择，粪便氮（N）和稳定的氮同位素比（δ〜（15）N）和碳（δ〜（13）C）来评估栖息地使用和饮食选择的营养结果。通过比较这三种方法，我们想确定单独的粪便指标是否可以有效，准确地识别亚群结构。通过对21位雌性麋鹿的无线电遥测观测的成分分析，确定了2个亚群，它们占据了相对分离的区域，并且在夏季显示出对森林和耕地的偏爱，而在冬天发现了类似的偏爱。已知第三个未标记的麋鹿种群主要局限于邻近的野生动物保护区。在所有3个地区收集的粪便的显微组织学分析突出显示了不同的饮食，这3个亚群对栖息地的占领产生了结果。对于其中两个亚群，冬季使用的牧草明显增加，但麋鹿的使用程度取决于他们所居住地区的牧草供应。避难所人口无法获得耕种的草料。粪便N，粪便δ〜（13）C和粪便δ〜（15）N支持了这样一个前提，即最容易获得耕种草料的亚种群比其他2个亚种群的营养面更高。粪便中粪便氮，粪便δ〜（13）C和粪便δ〜（15）N的平行变化百分比突出了粪便指数作为补充或替代传统生境使用和饮食选择方法的效用在有范围的有蹄类动物中。

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