Confidence in business leaders is at a record low. An opinion poll by Edel-man in 2014 showed that fewer than 50% of respondents trusted chief executives. Another poll, for Parade magazine, found that 35% of American employees would forgo a substantial pay rise if they could see their direct supervisors fired. A recent review of the academic literature concluded that "one in every two leaders and managers" is judged "ineffective (that is, a disappointment, incompetent, a mis-hire, or a complete failure) in their current roles". Even bosses are turning on their fellow bosses: in 2011 nearly a sixth of the world's 2,500 biggest firms fired their ceos.
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