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In praise of human guinea pigs

机译：赞美人类豚鼠

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Before the 20th century, the sick were wise to stay away from doctors. Medical treatments were often worthless and sometimes dangerous: "heroic measures" such as blood-letting and purging often killed. It was the discovery of micro-organisms, vaccines and antibiotics, that eventually equipped doctors with weapons that whacked diseases, not patients. But as many lives may have been saved by a more recent innovation, the randomised controlled trial (RCT). The idea is simple, yet brilliant. A new treatment is tested by giving it only to some randomly chosen patients, with the rest (the "controls") receiving standard care. Before rcts became common in the 1950s it was easy for a doctor to believe that patients who died did so despite his best efforts, while those who survived owed him their lives. He might harm patient after patient and never spot the pattern. Now almost all medicines are tested with rcts before being widely prescribed.
机译：在20世纪之前，病者明智地远离医生。药物治疗通常一文不值，有时甚至很危险：诸如抽血和净化之类的“英雄主义措施”常常被杀死。正是微生物，疫苗和抗生素的发现，最终为医生配备了可以重击疾病而不是患者的武器。但是，由于最近的一项创新，即随机对照试验（RCT），可能挽救了许多生命。这个想法很简单，但是很聪明。通过仅向一些随机选择的患者提供新疗法来对其进行测试，其余的（“对照”）则接受标准护理。在1950年代rcts变得普遍之前，医生很容易相信，尽管他尽了最大的努力，死亡的患者还是这样做了，而幸存的患者却欠了他一命。他可能会耐心地伤害患者，并且永远不会发现这种模式。现在，几乎所有药物在被广泛处方之前都经过了rcts测试。

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    《The economist》 |2015年第8968期|18-18|共1页
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