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Free exchange: Pardon the disruption

机译：自由交流：原谅破坏

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Destroying the old to make way for the new is the essence of market economies. Karl Marx thought it one of the nastier qualities of capitalism whereas Joseph Schumpeter, an Austrian economist, cast "creative destruction" in more positive light, as the only route to sustained growth. In the 1990s Clayton Christensen, a professor at Harvard Business School, gave the notion a modern sheen with his theory of "disruptive innovation". The term is now everywhere. Uber is said to be disrupting the taxi business, Cronuts are disrupting breakfast and Twitter is disrupting communication. A disruptive innovation, in Mr Christensen's work, is a very specific thing: a new technology that is inferior in certain respects to existing ones, but has other desirable attributes. He cites eightinch floppy disks, which could store more data than smaller ones, but were nonetheless supplanted because they were too big and expensive for desktop computers. By the same token, publishers of music and newspapers were wrong-footed by the advent of online distribution, which was initially of lower quality. So was digital photography, but it nonetheless ended up displacing film.
机译：销毁旧产品，为新产品铺路是市场经济的本质。卡尔·马克思认为这是资本主义的先天品质之一，而奥地利经济学家约瑟夫·熊彼特（Joseph Schumpeter）则以更为积极的态度提出“创造性破坏”，这是实现持续增长的唯一途径。在1990年代，哈佛商学院的教授克莱顿·克里斯滕森（Clayton Christensen）以他的“颠覆性创新”理论为这一概念赋予了现代的光泽。这个词现在无处不在。据说Uber扰乱了出租车业务，Cronuts扰乱了早餐，Twitter扰乱了交流。在克里斯滕森先生的作品中，颠覆性创新是非常具体的事情：一项在某些方面劣于现有技术但又具有其他理想属性的新技术。他引用了八英寸的软盘，该软盘可以存储的数据要比较小的软盘多，但由于台式计算机的体积太大，价格昂贵而被取代。同样，在线发行的出现使音乐和报纸的出版商步履蹒跚，在线发行最初质量较低。数码摄影也是如此，但最终却取代了胶卷。

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    《The economist》 |2014年第8903期|74-74|共1页
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