Keep taking the medicine

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Keep taking the medicine

机译：继续吃药

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Health care in rich countries presents a paradox. On the one hand, advances in medicine are extending life and improving its quality-gains of great value to those who benefit from them. On the other hand, the evidence of error rates shows that hospitals and doctors routinely break the first rule of medicine, to do no harm. Widespread waste is evident, yet the costs of health care spiral ever upwards, causing increasing alarm among individuals, employers and taxpayers. Medical costs are so buoyant that all containment strategies seem doomed to eventual failure. The revelation that much health care is of poor quality poses some troubling questions for the medical profession in rich countries. "There has to be a shake-up in the medical world, led by the medical world," says Mr Bodaken of California's Blue Shield. Doctors have traditionally treasured their independence and resisted outside interference. But medical care is now delivered through expensive, com-plex systems that require sophisticated management to avoid errors, to ensure that patients get appropriate advice, tests and treatments, and to keep costs as low as possible. Doctors need to be able to work collaboratively in teams spanning professional boundaries. Medical education, still locked in an old-fashioned apprenticeship model, should prepare doctors for these new demands. Alain Enthoven of Stanford University says that teaching doctors how to deliver cost-effective care will re-quire a transformation in medical training.

机译：富裕国家的医疗保健存在悖论。一方面，医学的进步正在延长寿命，并提高从受益者那里获得的巨大价值。另一方面，错误率的证据表明，医院和医生常规地违反了第一药规则，不会造成伤害。浪费的蔓延是显而易见的，但是医疗保健的费用却在不断上升，这在个人，雇主和纳税人中引起了越来越多的警觉。医疗费用如此之高，以至于所有遏制策略都注定要失败。有关许多医疗保健质量差的报道，给富裕国家的医学界带来了一些令人困扰的问题。加州“蓝盾”的博达肯说：“在医学界的领导下，医学界必须进行彻底的改革。”传统上，医生珍视自己的独立性并抵制外界干扰。但是现在，医疗服务是通过昂贵的复杂系统提供的，该系统需要复杂的管理来避免错误，以确保患者获得适当的建议，测试和治疗，并尽可能降低成本。医生需要能够跨专业领域的团队进行协作。医学教育仍然处于老式的学徒制模式中，应该为医生应对这些新需求做好准备。斯坦福大学的阿兰·恩托芬（Alain Enthoven）说，教医生如何提供具有成本效益的护理将需要医学培训方面的转变。

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《The economist》 |2004年第8384期|p.17A-18A|共2页
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中图分类经济;各科经济学;
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1. Physical Examination of the Joints. By William P. Beetham, Jun., M.D., A.A.C.P., Former Fellow in Medicine, Mayo Graduate School of Medicine, University of Minnesota; Howard F. Polley, M.D., M.S. in Medicine, F.A.C.P., Head of a Section of Medicine (Rheumatic Diseases), Mayo Clinic; Professor of Medicine, Mayo Graduate School of Medicine, University of Minnesota; Charles H. Slocumb, M.D., M.S. in Pathology, Senior Consultant in a Section of Medicine (Rheumatic Diseases), Mayo Clinic; Professor of Medicine, Mayo Graduate School of Medicine, University of Minnesota; and Walt. F. Weaver, M.D., M.S. in Medicine, A.A.C.P., Former Fellow in Medicine, Mayo Graduate School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Rochester, Minnesota. 9? x 6? in. Pp. x + 198, with 127 figures (15 anatomic drawings by Russell L. Drake) and 1 table. Index. 1965. Philadelphia and London: W. B. Saunders Company. Price 52s. 6d [J] . J. S. Ellis The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British VolumecBritish Orthopaedic Association , Australian Orthopaedic Association , Canadian Orthopaedic Association . . . [et al] . 1967,第1期

机译：关节的身体检查。美国明尼苏达大学梅奥医学院研究生医学系前研究员，威廉·P·比瑟姆（William P.Beetham），医学博士，美国医学会（A.A.C.P.）霍华德·波利（MD）医学博士学位，梅奥诊所医学（风湿性疾病）部门负责人;明尼苏达大学梅奥医学院研究生院医学教授;查尔斯·斯洛昆布（Charles H.Slocumb），医学博士，医学硕士梅奥诊所病理学，医学（风湿性疾病）科高级顾问;明尼苏达大学梅奥医学院研究生院医学教授;和沃尔特。 F.Weaver，M.D.，M.S.美国明尼苏达州罗切斯特市明尼苏达大学梅奥医学院研究生医学博士，A.A.C.P。 9？ x 6？ in。Pp。 x + 198，包含127个图形（Russell L. Drake的15幅解剖图）和1个表格。指数。 1965年。费城和伦敦：W。B.桑德斯公司。价格52s。 6天
2. Metals and metalloids in traditional medicines (Ayurvedic medicines, nutraceuticals and traditional Chinese medicines) [J] . Gyamfi Eva T. Environmental Science and Pollution Research . 2019,第16期

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3. Generic and biosilimilar medicines use and expenditure: A report from the National Observatory on the Use of Medicines (OsMed) of the Italian Medicines Agency (AIFA) [J] . Alessandro Monaco, Federica Mammarella, Agnese Cangini, Journal of generic medicines . 2015,第2期

机译：仿制药和生物仿制药的使用和支出：意大利药品管理局（AIFA）国家药品使用观察站（OsMed）的报告
4. The recommendation of medicines based on multiple criteria decision making and domain ontology — An example of anti-diabetic medicines [C] . Chen Rung-Ching, Chiu Jiun Yao, Batj Cho Tsan Proceedings of 2011 International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics . 2011

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6. Prescription medicines over-the-counter medicines and complementary and alternative medicines use: a comparison between baby boomers and older South Australians [O] . Bee Leng Per, Anne W Taylor, Tiffany K Gill 2019

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7. D A Christie and E M Tansey (eds), Leukaemia, transcript of a Witness Seminar held on 15 May 2001, Wellcome Witnesses to Twentieth Century Medicine, vol. 15, London, Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL, 2003, pp. ix, 85, £10.00 (paperback 0-85484-087-7).D A Christie and E M Tansey (eds), Genetic testing, transcript of a Witness Seminar held on 13 July 2001, Wellcome Witnesses to Twentieth Century Medicine, vol. 17, London, Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL, 2003, pp. xix, 130, £10.00 (paperback 0-85484-094-X).D A Christie and E M Tansey (eds), Cystic fibrosis, transcript of a Witness Seminar held on 11 July 2002, Wellcome Witnesses to Twentieth Century Medicine, vol. 20, London, Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL, 2004, pp. xix, 119, £10.00 (paperback 0-85484-086-9).D T Zallen, D A Christie and E M Tansey (eds), The rhesus factor and disease prevention, transcript of a Witness Seminar held on 3 June 2003, Wellcome Witnesses to Twentieth Century Medicine, vol. 22, London, Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL, 2004, pp. xxii, 98, £10.00 (paperback 0-85484-099-0). [O] . Lawrence Weaver 2006

机译：D A Christie和E M Tansey（EDS），白血病，2001年5月15日举行的证人研讨会的成绩单，Wellcome目击者到二十世纪医学，Vol。 15，伦敦，伦敦，UCL，2003，PP的医学史信属中心。IX，85，£10.00（平装0-85484-087-7）.da Christie和EM Tansey（EDS），基因检测，成绩单2001年7月13日举行的见证研讨会，威尔康威目的，二十世纪医学，Vol。 17，伦敦，康惠康斯特州UCL，2003，PP的医学史信属中心.XIX，130，£10.00（平装0-85484-094-X）.da克里斯蒂和EM Tansey（EDS），囊性纤维化，成绩单2002年7月11日举行的见证研讨会，威尔康威证人到二十世纪医学，Vol。 20，伦敦，康惠斯富国医学史上的历史中心，2004年，PP .XIX，119，£10.00（平装0-85484-086-9）.dt zallen，da christie和Em tansey（eds），恒河因素和疾病预防，2003年6月3日举行的证人研讨会的成绩单，沃思目的地到二十世纪医学，Vol。伦敦，伦敦，威尔康斯省医学史上的历史中心，2004年，PP。XXII，98，£10.00（平装0-85484-099-0）。

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