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Ecological Effects of Live Salmon Exceed Those of Carcasses During an Annual Spawning Migration

机译：年度产卵迁移过程中活三文鱼的生态效应超过了ed体的生态效应

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We tested the hypothesis that the carcasses of anadromous Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) constitute a significant source of nutrients in the nutrient-poor freshwaters where these fish migrate, spawn, senesce, and die. In a 110 m-long stream reach in Southeast Alaska, we retained nearly 3000 salmon carcasses and compared streamwater nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and the biomass of benthic biofilm in this reach with an upstream reference reach. The study spanned 5 months, bracketed the entire salmon run, and encompassed significant seasonal variation in abiotic stream conditions. Concentrations of dissolved and particulate N and P followed distinctly unimodal patterns through time, which tracked the abundance of live salmon, and we observed strong predictive relationships between live-salmon abundance and streamwater-nutrient concentrations. In contrast, we did not observe clear relationships between salmon carcasses and streamwater nutrients. Biofilm biomass within our study reaches seemed to more closely track the abundance of live salmon than the abundance of carcasses. The experimental retention of carcasses had a minor or undetectable influence on nutrient concentrations and biofilm within the study reach as compared to the reference reach. We conclude that physical factors such as temperature, discharge, nutrient limitation, and irradiance vary seasonally in ways that maximize the influence of nutrients provisioned by live salmon and minimize the influence of carcass-derived nutrients on the aspects of stream ecosystems that we examined. Overall, our results promote a new perspective on the ecological role of salmon in freshwaters, and contribute to a more mechanistic understanding of how migratory fishes can influence aquatic ecosystems.
机译：我们检验了以下假设，即无营养的太平洋鲑鱼（Oncorhynchus spp。）的尸体构成了这些鱼类迁移，产卵，衰老和死亡的营养贫乏淡水的重要营养素来源。在阿拉斯加东南部一条110 m长的河段中，我们保留了将近3000具鲑鱼尸体，并将该河段中的河水氮（N），磷（P）和底栖生物膜的生物量与上游参考河段进行了比较。这项研究历时5个月，将整个鲑鱼活动括起来，涵盖了非生物水流条件下的明显季节性变化。随着时间的推移，溶解态氮和颗粒态氮和磷的浓度遵循明显的单峰模式，追踪了鲑鱼的丰度，并且我们观察到鲑鱼的丰度与河水营养物浓度之间的强烈预测关系。相反，我们没有观察到鲑鱼尸体与河水营养素之间的明确关系。我们研究范围内的生物膜生物量似乎比活体鲑鱼的丰度更紧密地追踪了活鲑鱼的丰度。与参考范围相比，car体的实验保留对研究范围内的营养物浓度和生物膜具有较小或不可检测的影响。我们得出结论，温度，流量，养分限制和辐照度等物理因素在季节性上会有所不同，这些方式可以最大程度地发挥活鲑鱼提供的养分的影响，并使minimize体衍生养分对河流生态系统各方面的影响最小。总体而言，我们的研究结果为鲑鱼在淡水中的生态作用提供了新的视角，并有助于对of游鱼类如何影响水生生态系统的机制有了更深入的了解。

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