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首页> 外文期刊>Electrical Engineers - Part III: Radio and Communication Engineering, Journal of the Institution of >Space-charge effects in beam tetrodes and other valves
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Space-charge effects in beam tetrodes and other valves

机译：四极管和其他阀中的空间电荷效应

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The space charge in the screen-anode space of a beam tetrode is examined, taking into account the effect of electrons returned from the virtual cathode into the region between the grid and cathode. As with previous investigations which do not take into account the effect of the returned electrons in the cathode-grid space, it is found that over a range of anode voltages just below the knee, three solutions of the problem satisfy Newton's laws of motion for the electrons and also Poisson's equation for the charge distributions. Two of these solutions give rise to discontinuities in the characteristic. The third, however, is continuous for all anode voltages from zero up to the knee, and corresponds closely to experiments on actual valves. In it, a virtual cathode which remains at a fixed point between the screen and the anode is set up. The question arises, What property of this solution determines its correspondence with experiment? It is found that Maupertuis's principle of least action, as an integral of momentum with respect to distance, can be applied. The principle of least action as it stands cannot, however, be applied to a single arbitrarily chosen electron, but by calculating the action per unit of time, it can be applied to all three solutions, whether electrons are reflected or not. This leads to the conclusion that the action per unit of time is least for the third solution. Since this corresponds to the conditions observed experimentally, it is asserted that, in problems concerned with the motion of charged particles in which more than one consistent solution can be found, the actual state set up will be that for which the action per second is least. A simple theory of the effect of perturbations of the space-charge density, due, for example, to the random fluctuations of the cathode emission, is developed. The rate of growth of a perturbation depends on its size, and if it is small, it is unlikely to grow to such an extent, before being swept to the-n anode, as to cause instability of a particular charge distribution. It is concluded that such perturbations do not form an alternative explanation of the fact that the state containing the virtual cathode is always that set up. The growth of the perturbations is shown to depend on whether the anode potential remains constant or can vary during the passage of a perturbation. It is concluded that the theory of the fluctuations of a space-charge-limited current cannot be dealt with accurately on the assumption that the fluctuation current is independent of the anode load. Finally, the fluctuations of the space-charge-limited current in diodes and triodes is described on the basis of the given theory of perturbations. For identical space-charge conditions near the cathode, the diode has a planar electric field which exercises no electron-optical action, while the triode has a strong focusing action in the space between grid and cathode. The conclusion, that the perturbations can grow to a greater extent in diodes than in triodes, agrees with the experimental results on the noise of diode and triode valves.
机译：考虑到从虚拟阴极返回到栅极和阴极之间的区域中的电子的影响，检查了四极体的屏蔽阳极空间中的空间电荷。与先前的研究一样，该研究未考虑返回的电子在阴极栅空间中的影响，发现在正好低于拐点的一定范围的阳极电压范围内，该问题的三种解决方案均满足牛顿运动定律。电子以及电荷分布的泊松方程。这些解决方案中的两种导致特性的不连续性。但是，对于从零到拐点的所有阳极电压，第三个都是连续的，并且与实际阀门上的实验紧密对应。在其中，建立了虚拟阴极，该阴极保留在屏幕和阳极之间的固定点上。问题出现了，该解决方案的什么性质决定了它与实验的对应关系？可以发现，毛派瑞斯的最小作用原理是相对于距离的动量不可或缺的部分。但是，目前的最小作用原理不能应用于任意选择的单个电子，但是通过计算每单位时间的作用，无论是否反射电子，它都可以应用于所有三种溶液。这得出结论，对于第三种解决方案，每单位时间的动作最少。由于这与实验观察到的条件相对应，因此可以断言，在与带电粒子运动有关的问题中，可以找到一个以上的一致解，因此实际状态是每秒动作最少的状态。 。建立了一种简单的理论，例如，由于阴极发射的随机波动，引起了空间电荷密度的扰动效应。扰动的增长率取决于扰动的大小，如果扰动的增长率很小，那么在被扫向-n阳极之前就不可能增长到这样的程度，以致于导致特定电荷分布的不稳定。可以得出这样的结论：对于包含虚拟阴极的状态始终是建立的状态，这种扰动并不能形成另一种解释。已显示扰动的增长取决于阳极电势是否保持恒定或在扰动通过期间是否会变化。得出的结论是，在假设波动电流与阳极负载无关的前提下，不能精确地处理空间电荷限制电流波动的理论。最后，根据给定的扰动理论描述了二极管和三极管中的空间电荷限制电流的波动。对于在阴极附近相同的空间电荷条件，二极管具有平面电场，该平面电场不行使电子光学作用，而三极管在栅极和阴极之间的空间中具有很强的聚焦作用。结论是二极管中的扰动比三极管中的扰动更大，这与二极管和三极管的噪声的实验结果相符。

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