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Optimal carbon-neutral retrofit of residential communities in Barcelona, Spain

机译：西班牙巴塞罗那居民区的最佳碳中和改造

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摘要

This paper investigates the optimal retrofit solutions for residential communities to be carbon neutral in Barcelona, Spain. In particular, three different sizes for the residential communities are considered depending on the number of housing units: small, medium, and large. First, the best cost-effective energy efficiency measures (EEMs) have been determined and applied to all the buildings of the communities, in order to reduce their overall energy demand. The retrofit optimization results demonstrate that combinations of passive and active strategies would achieve source energy use saving and electrical peak demand savings up to 57% and 29%, respectively. Then, a variety of renewable energy generation systems has been explored to determine the optimal grid-connected technologies for meeting the electricity demands while achieving annual carbon neutral conditions for the residential buildings. The analysis shows that wind turbines can reduce the cost of electricity generation up to 21.5% compared to the current utility prices (LCOE value as 0.247 (sic)/kWh) and electricity sell back policies. The results indicate that for PV systems to compete with wind turbines, their capital costs need to be lower by at least 40% compared to the current level costs. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
机译：本文研究了西班牙巴塞罗那住宅区实现碳中和的最佳改造解决方案。特别是，根据居住单元的数量，考虑了三种不同的居住社区规模：小型，中型和大型。首先，已经确定了最佳成本效益的节能措施（EEM），并将其应用于社区的所有建筑物，以减少其总体能源需求。改造优化结果表明，被动和主动策略的组合将分别节省能源使用量和电峰值需求节省多达57％和29％。然后，已经探索了各种可再生能源发电系统，以确定满足电力需求的最佳并网技术，同时实现了住宅建筑的年度碳中和条件。分析表明，与当前的公用事业价格（LCOE值为0.247（sic）/ kWh）和电力回购政策相比，风力涡轮机最多可将发电成本降低21.5％。结果表明，要使光伏发电系统与风力涡轮机竞争，与目前的水平成本相比，其资本成本至少需要降低40％。 （C）2019 Elsevier B.V.保留所有权利。

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