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Life cycle primary energy analysis of residential buildings

机译：住宅建筑生命周期一次能源分析

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The space heating demand of residential buildings can be decreased by improved insulation, reduced air leakage and by heat recovery from ventilation air. However, these measures result in an increased use of materials. As the energy for building operation decreases, the relative importance of the energy used in the production phase increases and influences optimization aimed at minimizing the life cycle energy use. The life cycle primary energy use of buildings also depends on the energy supply systems. In this work we analyse primary energy use and CO_2 emission for the production and operation of conventional and low-energy residential buildings. Different types of energy supply systems are included in the analysis. We show that for a conventional and a low-energy building the primary energy use for production can be up to 45% and 60%, respectively, of the total, depending on the energy supply system, and with larger variations for conventional buildings. The primary energy used and the CO_2 emission resulting from production are lower for wood-framed constructions than for concrete-framed constructions. The primary energy use and the CO_2 emission depend strongly on the energy supply, for both conventional and low-energy buildings. For example, a single-family house from the 1970s heated with biomass-based district heating with cogeneration has 70% lower operational primary energy use than if heated with fuel-based electricity. The specific primary energy use with district heating was 40% lower than that of an electrically heated passive row house.
机译：可以通过改善隔热性能，减少空气泄漏以及从通风空气中回收热量来减少住宅建筑的空间供暖需求。但是，这些措施导致材料的使用增加。随着用于建筑运营的能量的减少，生产阶段所用能量的相对重要性增加，并且影响了旨在最小化生命周期能耗的优化。建筑物生命周期的一次能源使用也取决于能源供应系统。在这项工作中，我们分析了常规和低能耗住宅建筑的生产和运营中的一次能源使用和CO_2排放。分析中包括不同类型的能源供应系统。我们显示，对于常规建筑和低能耗建筑，用于生产的主要能源分别占总能耗的45％和60％，具体取决于能源供应系统，并且常规建筑的变化较大。木结构建筑使用的一次能源和生产产生的CO_2排放量比混凝土框架建筑低。常规建筑和低能耗建筑的一次能源使用和CO_2排放在很大程度上取决于能源供应。例如，自1970年代以来，以生物质为基础的区域供热供热的单户住宅，其一次能源运行能耗要比以燃料为基础的电力供暖系统低70％。与集中供热的被动式联排房屋相比，区域供热的特定一次能源使用降低了40％。

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