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The levelized cost of negative CO_2 emissions from thermochemical conversion of biomass coupled with carbon capture and storage

机译：生物质热化学转化与碳捕获和储存的热化学转化率的均衡成本

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Negative emissions technologies (NETs) that remove and store CO2 from the atmosphere will play crucial roles in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) that combines biomass conversion for energy production and CO2 capture and storage is a NET that has been intensively studied to meet climate goals. This study evaluates the feasibility of four thermochemical conversion technologies (e.g., hydrothermal treatment, pyrolysis, gasification, and conventional combustion) of selected feedstocks (e.g., crop residues, woody wastes, and biosolid) coupled with carbon capture and storage as NETs. A combination of machine learning approaches, life cycle assessment (LCA), and economic analysis is used to assess the environmental and economic performances of pathways comprising different combinations of technologies, feedstock properties, and reaction conditions. Levelized cost of negative CO2 emissions (LCNC), which is defined as the carbon incentives that are required for a NET to break even, is computed for each pathway to provide a clearer picture of the economic feasibility and carbon mitigation potential of evaluated NETs. Our results show that slow pyrolysis of woody wastes and crop residues constitute economically viable NETs even without carbon incentives. Other pathways, on the other hand, require carbon incentives to make projects break even. A case study in Virginia reveals the carbon sequestration and economic burdens of evaluated NETs and suggests that woody wastes and crop residue combustion coupled with CCS could effectively contribute to most of the negative carbon sequestration in Virginia (98%). In contrast, hydrothermal treatment of biosolids and slow pyrolysis of crop residues have marginal contributions due to high LCNC and the small market size of products, respectively. Use of all available waste biomasses as feedstocks would correspond to 11 million metric ton CO2 eq sequestration and $1.09 billion economic burdens (without carbon credits) annually, with an average LCNC of $100/t CO2 eq in Virginia.
机译：消除和储存来自大气中的二氧化碳的负排放技术（网）将在减轻温室气体排放方面发挥至关重要的作用。将生物量转换的碳捕获和储存（BECCS）与能源生产和二氧化碳捕获和储存的生物能量是一条集中研究，以满足气候目标。该研究评估了四种热化学转化技术（例如，水热处理，热解，气化，气化和常规燃烧）的可行性，其选定的原料（例如，作物残留物，木质废物和生物溶解剂）与碳捕获和储存作为网。机器学习方法的组合，生命周期评估（LCA）和经济分析用于评估包括不同技术，原料特性和反应条件的不同组合的途径的环境和经济性能。为每种通路计算甚至被视为甚至被剥离所需的碳激励的负二氧化碳排放量（LCNC）的稳定性成本，以提供更清晰的评估网的经济可行性和碳缓解潜力的清晰图景。我们的研究结果表明，即使没有碳激励措施，木质废物和作物残留物的缓慢热解是构成经济上可行的网。另一方面，其他途径需要碳激励措施，使项目甚至会破坏。弗吉尼亚案例研究揭示了评估网的碳封存和经济负担，并提出了与CCS结合的木质废物和作物残留燃烧可有效促进弗吉尼亚州大部分负碳封存（98％）。相比之下，由于高LCNC和产品的小市场规模，水蒸气治疗生物溶解和作物残留的缓慢促进的水热处理具有边际贡献。使用所有可用的废物生物量作为原料将符合1100万公吨CO2 EQ封存，每年为120.9亿美元（无碳信用额），弗吉尼亚州的平均LCNC为100美元/ T CO2 EQ。

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