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Synthesis of char-based acidic catalyst for methanolysis of waste cooking oil: An insight into a possible valorization pathway for the solid by-product of gasification

机译：炭基酸性催化剂的合成，用于废食用油的甲醇分解：对气化固体副产物可能的增值途径的见解

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Gasification-based char from a commercial small-scale gasification plant was converted into an acidic catalyst for methanolysis of waste cooking oil (WCO). The char-based acidic catalyst was synthesized by the sulfonation of gasification char with sulfuric acid. Functional groups, acid density, morphological and surface properties were characterized and measured by using Fourier transform infrared red spectroscopy, ammonia temperature programmed desorption, field emission scanning electron microscope and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, respectively. Wood char based acid catalyst showed higher surface area of 337 m(2)/g and acid density of 2.94 mmol/g. The reaction variables such as methanol/oil molar ratio, catalyst loading, reaction time and temperature, were studied. The optimum reaction conditions, 9:1 methanol/oil ratio, 6 wt% catalyst loadincxg, 130 min reaction time at 65 degrees C, gave 96% of ester conversion. The recovered catalyst was washed and reused without any activation (calcination), still giving 81% of ester conversion after five reaction cycles. Furthermore, fuel properties of WCO methyl esters were determined as per the ASTM and EN biodiesel standards. The utilization of char from biomass gasification for the synthesis of an acid catalyst for biodiesel production allows achieving a twofold objective. On the one side, the valorization of a material which is presently wasted. On the other side, the production of a catalyst that can effectively convert WCO into biodiesel in a single step process, therefore allowing a simplified procedure and lower operational temperatures. In addition, the obtained catalyst showed an interesting efficiency in decreasing free fatty acid of WCO and a considerable recyclability of the catalyst.
机译：来自商业小型气化厂的基于气化的炭被转化为酸性催化剂，用于废食用油（WCO）的甲醇化。通过将气化焦炭用硫酸磺化来合成炭基酸性催化剂。分别通过傅里叶变换红外红光谱法，程序升温氨解吸，场发射扫描电子显微镜和Brunauer-Emmett-Teller表征并测量了官能团，酸密度，形态和表面性质。木炭基酸催化剂显示较高的表面积337 m（2）/ g，酸密度为2.94 mmol / g。研究了甲醇/油摩尔比，催化剂负载量，反应时间和温度等反应变量。最佳反应条件为：甲醇/油比为9：1，催化剂负载量为6 wt％，在65摄氏度下反应时间为130分钟，酯转化率为96％。洗涤回收的催化剂，并在没有任何活化（煅烧）的情况下重复使用，在五个反应循环后仍获得81％的酯转化率。此外，根据ASTM和EN生物柴油标准确定了WCO甲酯的燃料性质。利用来自生物质气化的焦炭来合成用于生物柴油生产的酸催化剂可以实现双重目的。一方面，目前浪费的材料的增值。另一方面，催化剂的生产可以在一步法中将WCO有效地转化为生物柴油，因此可以简化程序并降低操作温度。另外，所获得的催化剂在降低WCO的游离脂肪酸方面显示出令人感兴趣的效率，并且该催化剂具有可观的再循环性。

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