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Carbon dioxide management by chemical conversion to methanol: HYDROGENATION and BI-REFORMING

机译：通过化学转化为甲醇来管理二氧化碳：加氢和生物重整

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Chemical conversion of carbon dioxide to methanol has the potential to address two relevant sustainability issues: economically feasible replacement of fossil raw materials and avoidance of greenhouse gas emissions. However, chemical stability of carbon dioxide is a challenging impediment to conversion requiring severe reaction conditions at the expense of increased energy input, therefore adding capital, operation and environmental costs, which could result in partial or total override of its potential sustain ability as feedstock to the chemical and energy industries. This work investigates two innovative chemical destinations of carbon dioxide to methanol, namely a direct conversion through carbon dioxide hydrogenation (HYDROGENATION), and an indirect via carbon dioxide conversion to syngas through bi-reforming (BI-REFORMING). Process simulation is used to obtain mass and energy balances needed to support assessment of economic and environmental pefformance. A business scenario is considered where an industrial source of nearly pure carbon dioxide exists and an investment decision for utilization of carbon dioxide is faced. Due to uncertainties in prices of the raw materials, hydrogen (HYDROGENATION) and natural gas (BI-REFORMING), the decision procedure includes the definition of price thresholds to reach profitability. Sensitivity analyses are performed varying costs with greater uncertainty, i.e., carbon dioxide and methanol, and recalculating maximum allowable prices of raw materials. The analyses show that in a Brazilian scenario, BI-REFORMING is unlikely to be feasible, while HYDROGENATION would be viable, and with superior environmental performance, if the price of hydrogen remains inferior to 1000 US$/t. A scenario of cheap natural gas at 2.74 US$/MMBtu, as in the United States, would favor BI-REFORMING, which yields returns that are superior to those of HYDROGENATION even with hydrogen prices as low as 800 US$/t. The integrated scenario of HYDROGENATION has an advantage of about 50 US$/t in the methanol price in comparison to its non-integrated alternative. The environmental analysis revealed that both routes contribute to reduce global warming potential, and the reduction is intensified with a clean energy source (hydropower), with additional environmental benefit of decreasing acidification potential. For fossil energy supply, HYDROGENATION succeeds to reduce 87% of the emissions from the carbon dioxide source (bioethanol plant). Moving to a clean energy scenario increases the efficiency to 98%. BI-REFORMING is unable to reduce emissions (rather increasing it by 105%) in the fossil based energy scenario, however, for clean energy supply, it emits only 46% of the input of carbon dioxide from the bioethanol plant. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
机译：将二氧化碳化学转化为甲醇有潜力解决两个相关的可持续性问题：在经济上可行的化石原料替代和避免温室气体排放。但是，二氧化碳的化学稳定性是转化的一个有挑战性的障碍，需要严格的反应条件以增加能量输入为代价，因此增加了资金，运营和环境成本，这可能会部分或全部超过其作为原料的潜在维持能力。化学和能源工业。这项工作研究了二氧化碳到甲醇的两个创新化学目的地，即通过二氧化碳加氢直接转化（加氢）和通过二氧化碳双转化直接转化为合成气（BI-REFORMING）。过程模拟用于获得支持评估经济和环境绩效所需的质量和能量平衡。考虑一种业务场景，其中存在几乎纯净的二氧化碳的工业来源，并且面临着利用二氧化碳的投资决策。由于原材料，氢气（加氢）和天然气（BI-REFORMING）价格的不确定性，决策程序包括定义价格阈值以实现盈利。进行敏感性分析时会以不同的成本（具有更大的不确定性）来进行分析，即二氧化碳和甲醇，并重新计算原材料的最高允许价格。分析表明，在巴西的情况下，如果氢的价格仍低于1000美元/吨，则BI-FORMING不太可能可行，而加氢将是可行的，并且具有出色的环境性能。如在美国使用2.74美元/百万英热单位的廉价天然气的方案将有利于BI-REFORMING，即使氢气价格低至800美元/吨，其收益也高于加氢发电。与非综合替代方案相比，综合加氢方案的甲醇价格优势约为50美元/吨。环境分析表明，这两种途径都有助于减少全球变暖的可能性，并且清洁能源（水力发电）可进一步降低温室气体的排放，同时还具有降低酸化潜力的环境效益。在化石能源供应方面，加氢成功地减少了二氧化碳源（生物乙醇工厂）的87％排放。转向清洁能源方案可将效率提高到98％。在基于化石的能源方案中，BI-REFORMING无法减少排放（而是增加105％），但是，对于清洁能源供应而言，它仅排放来自生物乙醇工厂的二氧化碳输入量的46％。 （C）2016 Elsevier Ltd.保留所有权利。

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