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Sustainable desalination using solar energy

机译：使用太阳能进行可持续脱盐

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Global potable water demand is expected to grow, particularly in areas where freshwater supplies are limited. Production and supply of potable water requires significant amounts of energy, which is currently being derived from nonrenewable fossil fuels. Since energy production from fossil fuels also requires water, current practice of potable water supply powered by fossil fuel derived energy is not a sustainable approach. In this paper, a sustainable phase-change desalination process is presented that is driven solely by solar energy without any reliance on grid power. This process exploits natural gravity and barometric pressure head to maintain near vacuum conditions in an evaporation chamber. Because of the vacuum conditions, evaporation occurs at near ambient temperature, with minimal thermal energy input for phase change. This configuration enables the process to be driven by low-grade heat sources such as solar energy or waste heat streams. Results of theoretical analysis and prototype scale experimental studies conducted to evaluate and demonstrate the feasibility of operating the process using solar energy are presented. Predictions made by the theoretical model correlated well with measured performance data with r~2 > 0.94. Test results showed that, using direct solar energy alone, the system could produce up to 7-5 L/day of freshwater per m~2 of evaporator area. With the addition of a photovoltaic panel area of 6 m2, the system could produce up to 12 L/day of freshwater per m~2 of evaporator area, at efficiencies ranging from 65% to 90%. Average specific energy need of this process is 2930 kJ/kg of freshwater, all of which can be derived from solar energy, making it a sustainable and clean process.
机译：预计全球饮用水需求将增长，特别是在淡水供应有限的地区。饮用水的生产和供应需要大量能源，目前它是从不可再生的化石燃料中提取的。由于从化石燃料生产能源也需要水，因此目前以化石燃料衍生能源为动力的饮用水供应方式不是可持续的方法。在本文中，提出了一种可持续的相变淡化工艺，该工艺仅由太阳能驱动，而无需依赖电网电源。该过程利用自然重力和大气压力头来维持蒸发室中接近真空的条件。由于处于真空条件，蒸发会在接近环境温度的条件下发生，而用于相变的热能输入量最少。这种配置使过程可以由低级热源（例如太阳能或废热流）驱动。介绍了进行理论分析和原型规模实验研究的结果，以评估和证明使用太阳能进行该工艺的可行性。理论模型所作的预测与实测性能数据相关，r〜2> 0.94。测试结果表明，仅使用直接太阳能，该系统每m〜2蒸发器面积最多可产生7-5 L /天的淡水。通过增加6平方米的光伏面板面积，该系统每m〜2的蒸发器面积可产生高达12升/天的淡水，效率为65％至90％。此过程的平均比能量需求为2930 kJ / kg淡水，所有这些能量都可以来自太阳能，从而使其成为可持续且清洁的过程。

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