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The role and benefits of solar water heating in the energy demands of low-income dwellings in Brazil

机译：太阳能热水在巴西低收入家庭能源需求中的作用和好处

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In Brazil the widespread use of electrical showerheads for providing hot water for domestic consumption contributes to a load curve that peaks in the early evening, imposing a considerable burden to generation, transmission, and distribution utilities. On average, over 73% of Brazilian households use these 3-8 kW electrical resistance showerheads. In some of the more temperate climate regions in the south of the country, where most of the Brazilian population is concentrated, electrical showers are present in over 90% of residential buildings. For the residential consumer, while these high-power heating devices are the least-cost investment alternative, they lead to high running energy costs. Furthermore, due to their very low load factor (typically below 2%), each of these high-power showerheads results in considerably low return on the high investment costs in terms of infrastructure for the electricity sector. Particularly in low-income dwellings, electrical showerheads represent by far the highest electrical loads, resulting in a considerable component in the monthly energy bill. On the other hand, Brazil is one of the sunniest countries in the world, and solar water heating technologies have demonstrated large financial benefits and short payback times. Due to their comparatively higher initial investment costs, however, domestic solar water heaters are used mostly in higher income residences. In this work we present the potential of a low-cost version of the typical domestic solar water heating system for low-income dwellings, where the electrical resistance, which is normally installed inside the hot water tank, is replaced by a variable power electrical showerhead. This design avoids the use of electrical power as auxiliary heating for the whole of the boiler volume, since only the water which passes through the showerhead might be heated by the electrical resistance. This system configuration is a commercially available low-cost solar water heater option. A case-study is presented for a statistically representative group of low-income dwellings with solar water heating systems in Floriandpolis - Brazil. Our results show that the economies obtained are considerable, both in terms of energy consumption (kW h) and peak demand (kW) reduction. When compared with higher income typical users of solar water heating technologies, these economies represent a relatively higher benefit, both for the low-income population, as well as for the utilities involved. Our results also show that the avoided power costs, a benefit for the distribution utility company, might be more substantial than the avoided energy costs, a benefit for the end user. In the energy constrained on-peak hours period, the utility company might benefit from being able to sell this energy to other higher paying tariff consumers.
机译：在巴西，电动淋浴喷头广泛用于为生活用水提供热水，导致负荷曲线在傍晚达到峰值，给发电，输电和配电公司带来了相当大的负担。平均而言，超过73％的巴西家庭使用这些3-8 kW电阻式莲蓬头。在巴西大部分人口集中的巴西南部一些温带气候地区，超过90％的居民楼都设有电动淋浴。对于住宅用户而言，尽管这些大功率供暖设备是成本最低的投资替代方案，但它们却导致了高昂的运行能源成本。此外，由于它们的负载系数非常低（通常低于2％），因此在电力行业的基础设施方面，这些高功率喷头中的每一个在高投资成本上的回报都非常低。特别是在低收入住宅中，电喷头代表了迄今为止最高的电负载，导致每月电费中有相当大的一部分。另一方面，巴西是世界上阳光最充足的国家之一，太阳能热水技术已显示出巨大的财务收益和较短的投资回收期。但是，由于其初始投资成本较高，因此家用太阳能热水器主要用于收入较高的住所。在这项工作中，我们展示了低收入住宅的典型家用太阳能热水系统的低成本版本的潜力，在该系统中，通常安装在热水箱内的电阻被可变功率的电子莲蓬头代替。这种设计避免了在整个锅炉容积中使用电能作为辅助加热，因为只有通过喷头的水才可能被电阻加热。此系统配置是市售的低成本太阳能热水器选件。介绍了一个案例研究，该案例研究针对的是巴西弗洛里安波利斯市具有太阳能代表性的低收入住宅，其具有统计意义。我们的结果表明，就能耗（kW h）和峰值需求（kW）降低而言，所获得的经济效益都是可观的。与高收入的太阳能热水技术的典型用户相比，这些经济体对低收入人口以及所涉及的公用事业而言，都具有相对较高的收益。我们的结果还表明，避免的电力成本（对配电公司的好处）可能比避免的能源成本（对最终用户的好处）更为重要。在能源紧张的高峰时段，公用事业公司可能会受益于能够将这种能源出售给其他收费较高的消费者。

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