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首页> 外文期刊>Energy Conversion & Management >Sanitary hot water consumption patterns in commercial and industrial sectors in South Africa: Impact on heating system design
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Sanitary hot water consumption patterns in commercial and industrial sectors in South Africa: Impact on heating system design

机译：南非商业和工业部门的卫生热水消耗模式：对加热系统设计的影响

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摘要

A large amount of individual sanitary hot water consumers are present in the South African residential sector. This led to several studies being done on hot water consumption patterns in this sector. Large amounts of sanitary hot water are also consumed in the commercial sector in buildings such as hotels and in large residences such as those found in the mining industry. The daily profiles of sanitary hot water consumption are not related to any technical process but rather to human behavior and varying ambient conditions. The consumption of sanitary hot water, therefore, represents a challenge to the electrical utility because it is an energy demand that remains one of the biggest contributors to the undesirable high morning and afternoon peaks imposed on the national electricity supply grid. It also represents a challenge to sanitary hot water system designers because the amount of hot water as well as the daily profile in which it is consumed impacts significantly on system design. This paper deals with hot water consumption in the commercial and industrial sectors. In the commercial sector, we look at hotels and in the industrial sector at large mining residences. Both of them are served by centralized hot water systems. Measured results from the systems are compared to data obtained from previous publications. A comparison is also made to illustrate the impact that these differences will have on sanitary hot water system design. Simulations are conducted for these systems using a simulation program developed in previous studies. The results clearly show significant differences in the required heating and storage capacity for the new profiles. A twin peak profile obtained from previous studies in the residential sector was used up to now in studies of heating demand and system design in commercial buildings. The results shown here illustrate the sanitary hot water consumption profile differs significantly from the twin peaks profile with a very high morning peak in hot water consumption. This leads to a requirement for bigger heating and storage capacities in commercial buildings like hotels. A summary of the results are provided in the form of minimum design parameters for different hot water consumption profiles. This study emphasizes the importance of understanding the trends of hot water consumption in buildings, especially when demand side management projects are done on these types of systems.
机译：南非住宅部门中存在大量的个人卫生热水消费者。这导致对该部门的热水消耗模式进行了多项研究。在商业领域中，诸如旅馆之类的建筑物中以及诸如采矿业中发现的那些大型住宅中也消耗了大量的卫生热水。卫生热水消耗的每日概况与任何技术过程均无关，而与人类行为和变化的环境条件有关。因此，卫生热水的消耗对电力公司构成了挑战，因为能源需求仍然是对国家电网造成的不希望的早晨和下午高峰的最大因素之一。这也对卫生热水系统设计人员构成了挑战，因为热水的量以及每日的消耗量会严重影响系统设计。本文涉及商业和工业领域的热水消耗。在商业领域，我们关注大型采矿住宅的酒店和工业领域。两者均由集中式热水系统提供服务。将系统的测量结果与以前出版物中获得的数据进行比较。还进行了比较以说明这些差异将对卫生热水系统设计产生影响。使用先前研究中开发的仿真程序对这些系统进行仿真。结果清楚地表明，新型材所需的加热和存储容量存在显着差异。迄今为止，从住宅领域的先前研究获得的双峰曲线已用于商业建筑的供热需求和系统设计的研究。此处显示的结果表明，卫生热水消耗曲线与双峰曲线明显不同，早晨的热水消耗峰很高。这就导致在诸如旅馆的商业建筑中需要更大的供暖和储存容量。以不同热水消耗曲线的最小设计参数的形式提供了结果摘要。这项研究强调了解建筑物热水消耗趋势的重要性，尤其是在针对这些类型的系统进行需求侧管理项目时。

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