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Electrical breakdown experiments with application to alkali metal thermal-to-electric converters

机译：电击穿实验及其在碱金属热电转换器中的应用

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Electrical breakdown in alkali metal thermal-to-electric converters (AMTECs) limits the number of solid electrolytes that could be connected in series and, hence, the output voltage. Experiments are conducted to measure the DC electrical breakdown voltage in cesium vapor between two planar molybdenum electrodes, 1.6 cm in diameter, separated by a 0.5 mm gap, and relate the results to potential electrical breakdown on the cathode side of AMTECs. Two sets of experiments are conducted. In the first set, in which the electrodes are kept at 560 and 650 K and the cesium pressure varied from 0.71 to 29 Pa, when the cooler electrode is positively biased, breakdown occurs at ～500 V. When the cooler electrode is negatively biased, breakdown occurs at 700 V. In the second set of experiments, in which the electrodes are held at 625 and 1100 K and the cesium pressure varied from 1.7 to 235 Pa, when the cooler electrode is positively biased, the breakdown voltage is <4 V but in excess of 400 V when the cooler electrode is negatively biased. Because the first ionization potential (3.89 V) and the ionization rate constant of cesium are lower and higher, respectively, than for sodium (5.14 V) and potassium (4.34 V) vapors, the DC electrical breakdown voltage in AMTECs with either a potassium or a sodium working fluid is expected to be higher than measured in this work for cesium vapor. In such converters, the wall should be negatively biased relative to the highest voltage cathode in order to avoid electrical breakdown up to 400 V, or even higher.
机译：碱金属热电转换器（AMTEC）中的电击穿限制了可以串联连接的固体电解质的数量，从而限制了输出电压。进行实验以测量直径为1.6 cm，间隔为0.5 mm的两个平面钼电极之间的铯蒸气中的DC击穿电压，并将结果与​​AMTECs阴极侧的潜在击穿电压相关。进行两组实验。在第一组中，电极保持在560和650 K，铯压力在0.71至29 Pa之间变化，当冷却器电极为正偏压时，击穿发生在〜500V。当冷却器电极为负偏压时，击穿发生在700V。在第二组实验中，电极保持在625和1100 K，铯压力在1.7至235 Pa之间变化，当冷却器电极为正偏压时，击穿电压<4 V但当冷却器电极带负偏压时，超过400V。由于铯的第一电离势（3.89 V）和电离速率常数分别比钠（5.14 V）和钾（4.34 V）蒸汽低和高，因此AMTEC中钾离子或钾离子的直流电击穿电压预期钠工作液的含量要高于本工作中铯蒸气的测量值。在此类转换器中，壁应相对于最高电压阴极负偏，以避免高达400 V甚至更高的电击穿。

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