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Low-cost LED flashlights and market spoiling in Kenya’s off-grid lighting market

机译：肯尼亚离网照明市场的低成本LED手电筒和市场破坏

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摘要

Market spoiling stemming from information asymmetry has slowed the adoption grid-independent technologies that replace fuel-based lighting in the developing world. End users typically first experience lighting technology innovations via flashlights. The rapid emergence of inexpensive LED flashlights is a potentially good advancement in this regard, as LED lighting can be longer-lived, have higher initial light output, and be more energy-efficient than incandescent. However, our laboratory tests and end user interviews indicate that these products often fall far short of advertised performance levels and typically fail after a few months of use. Our study of purchasing decisions by 23 Kenyan market traders given an opportunity to purchase warrantied LED lamps found that prior experience with inexpensive LED flashlights significantly reduced their probability of purchasing (p = 0.0028). As additional evidence of consumer skepticism, in a large statistical survey, we also find that willingness to pay increases significantly once an LED lighting product is directly handled and tested by the end user. If LED lighting is to achieve its potential as a superior substitute for fuel-based lighting, effective policy measures are needed to remove the information asymmetry between expected and actual performance. One such measure, independent testing and certification, has measurably increased the quality of products available in the off-grid lighting marketplace.
机译：信息不对称导致的市场破坏减缓了与电网无关的技术的采用，这些技术在发展中国家取代了基于燃料的照明。最终用户通常首先会通过手电筒来体验照明技术的创新。在这方面，廉价LED手电筒的快速出现是一项潜在的良好进步，因为LED照明灯的寿命更长，初始光输出更高，并且比白炽灯更节能。但是，我们的实验室测试和最终用户采访表明，这些产品通常远远低于广告宣传的性能水平，并且通常在使用几个月后就会失效。我们对23个肯尼亚市场贸易商的购买决策进行的研究给出了购买担保的LED灯的机会，发现先前使用廉价LED手电的经验大大降低了他们的购买可能性（p = 0.0028）。作为对消费者表示怀疑的其他证据，在一项大型统计调查中，我们还发现，一旦最终用户直接处理和测试了LED照明产品，支付意愿就会大大增加。如果LED照明要发挥其潜力，可以替代燃油照明，则需要采取有效的政策措施来消除预期性能与实际性能之间的信息不对称。一种这样的措施，即独立测试和认证，可观地提高了离网照明市场上可用产品的质量。

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