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Status and perspectives of CO_2 conversion into fuels and chemicals by catalytic, photocatalytic and electrocatalytic processes

机译：通过催化，光催化和电催化过程将CO_2转化为燃料和化学品的现状和前景

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摘要

This review highlights recent developments and future perspectives in carbon dioxide usage for the sustainable production of energy and chemicals and to reduce global warming. We discuss the heterogeneously catalysed hydrogenation, as well as the photocatalytic and electrocatalytic conversion of CO_2 to hydrocarbons or oxygenates. Various sources of hydrogen are also reviewed in terms of their CO_2 neutrality. Technologies have been developed for large-scale CO_2 hydrogenation to methanol or methane. Their industrial application is, however, limited by the high price of renewable hydrogen and the availability of large-volume sources of pure CO_2. With regard to the direct electrocatalytic reduction of CO_2 to value-added chemicals, substantial advances in electrodes, electrolyte, and reactor design are still required to permit the development of commercial processes. Therefore, in this review particular attention is paid to (ⅰ) the design of metal electrodes to improve their performance and (ⅱ) recent developments of alternative approaches such as the application of ionic liquids as electrolytes and of microorganisms as co-catalysts. The most significant improvements both in catalyst and reactor design are needed for the photocatalytic functionalisation of CO_2 to become a viable technology that can help in the usage of CO_2 as a feedstock for the production of energy and chemicals. Apart from technological aspects and catalytic performance, we also discuss fundamental strategies for the rational design of materials for effective transformations of CO_2 to value-added chemicals with the help of H_2, electricity and/or light.
机译：这篇综述着重介绍了二氧化碳用于可持续能源和化学品生产以及减少全球变暖的最新发展和未来前景。我们讨论了非均相催化的加氢以及CO_2向碳氢化合物或含氧化合物的光催化和电催化转化。氢气的各种来源也根据其CO_2中性进行了综述。已经开发出用于大规模CO 2加氢为甲醇或甲烷的技术。然而，它们的工业应用受到可再生氢价格高昂和大量纯净CO_2来源的限制。关于将CO_2直接电催化还原成高附加值的化学品，仍然需要在电极，电解质和反应器设计方面取得实质性进展，以允许开发商业方法。因此，在本综述中，应特别注意（ⅰ）金属电极的设计以提高其性能，以及（ⅱ）替代方法的最新发展，例如将离子液体用作电解质，将微生物用作助催化剂。为了使CO_2的光催化功能化，需要在催化剂和反应器设计上进行最重大的改进，以使其成为可行的技术，从而有助于将CO_2用作生产能源和化学品的原料。除了技术方面和催化性能外，我们还讨论了合理设计材料的基本策略，以借助H_2，电和/或光将CO_2有效地转化为增值化学品。

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  • 来源
    《Energy & environmental science》 |2013年第11期|3112-3135|共24页
  • 作者

    Evgenii V. Kondratenko; Guido Mul; Jonas Baltrusaitis; Gaston O. Larrazabal; Javier Perez-Ramirez;

  • 作者单位

    Leibniz-lnstitut fuer Katalyse e. V and der Universitaet Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str., 29A, 18059 Rostock, Germany;

    Photocatalytic Synthesis Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, Enschede, NL 7500 AE, The Netherlands;

    Photocatalytic Synthesis Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, Enschede, NL 7500 AE, The Netherlands;

    Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, HCI E 125, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, Zurich, CH-8093, Switzerland;

    Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, HCI E 125, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, Zurich, CH-8093, Switzerland;

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