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Policies for low-carbon and affordable home heating: A French outlook

机译：低碳和经济实惠的家庭供暖政策：法国前景

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Energy demand for residential heating is targeted in France by a number of subsidy programmes (tax credits, zero-interest loans, reduced VAT, white certificates) and the carbon tax. We assess the cost-effectiveness and distributional impacts of these policies using Res-IRF, an energy-economy model that integrates relevant economic, behavioural and technological processes. We find that, without further specification of revenue recycling, the carbon tax is the most effective, yet most regressive, policy. Subsidy programmes save energy at a cost of (sic)0.05-0.08 per lifetime discounted kilowatt-hour, or (sic)300-800/tCO2-eq; one euro of public money spent on subsidy programmes induces (sic)1.0-1.4 private investment in home energy retrofits. Targeting subsidies towards low-income households, who tend to live in energy inefficient dwellings, increases leverage, thus reconciling economic efficiency and equity. The public cost of subsidies - (sic)3 billion in 2013 - is outweighed by carbon tax proceeds from 2025 onwards, were the tax rate to grow as initially planned by the government. Meeting the long-term energy saving targets set by the government however requires adjusting subsidy programmes to better address rental housing. Lastly, an order-of-magnitude discrepancy between simulated and observed numbers of zero-interest loans points to economic and psychological barriers that require further investigation.
机译：住宅供暖的能源需求由许多补贴计划（税收抵免，零利息贷款，减少增值税，白证）和碳税为目标。我们使用Res-IRF评估这些政策的成本效益和分配影响，该政策是一项整合相关的经济，行为和技术过程的能量经济模型。我们发现，如果没有进一步规格的收入回收，碳税是最有效，但最恢复的政策。补贴计划以每晚折扣千瓦时的（SIC）0.05-0.08的成本节省能源，或（SIC）300-800 / TCO2-EQ;花费补贴计划的一欧元的公共资金诱导（SIC）1.0-1.4私人投资在家用能源改造。针对低收入家庭的补贴，他们倾向于生活在能源低效的住所，增加了杠杆作用，从而调和了经济效率和公平。 2013年补贴的公共费用 - （SIC）30亿美元 - 超过2025年的碳税持续收益，是政府最初计划的税率增长。然而，符合政府设定的长期节能目标要求调整补贴计划，以更好地应付租金住房。最后，模拟和观察到的零利息贷款数量之间的数量级差异指向需要进一步调查的经济和心理障碍。

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