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How biofuel policies backfire: Misguided goals, inefficient mechanisms, and political-ecological blind spots

机译：生物燃料政策如何适得其反：错误的目标，低效的机制和政治生态盲区

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摘要

The development of an economically viable biofuel industry rests on strong state subsidies for production and processing, creation of markets through government procurement, fuel-blending mandates, price controls, as well as foreign trade tariffs and quotas, and multiple interventions in agricultural, ecological, and other regulations. We use an approach grounded in agrarian political economy to critically analyze the literature on how biofuel policies interact with broader production, trade, and agro-ecological processes. We focus on policies involving the most prominent crops in the places where biofuel production has advanced the most (i.e. USA, Brazil, and the EU), but also extend analysis to their relations with broader transformations in production, commercial, and even governance practices around the world. We investigate the political and economic interests driving biofuel policies, and how these set the terms in which state interventions and policies are conceived and implemented. We find that these are not developed and implemented according to environmental or inclusive pro-poor development purposes, but according to state interests in energy security and its intersection with a tense alliance between corporate sectors, rendering many policy mechanisms ineffective or even outright counterproductive to effectively facilitate more socially and environmentally sustainable energy production and agricultural practices.
机译：经济上可行的生物燃料产业的发展有赖于国家对生产和加工的强大补贴，通过政府采购，燃料混合指令，价格控制以及外贸关税和配额以及对农业，生态，和其他法规。我们使用基于农业政治经济学的方法来批判性地分析有关生物燃料政策如何与更广泛的生产，贸易和农业生态过程相互作用的文献。我们关注于生物燃料生产发展最快的地区（即美国，巴西和欧盟）涉及最突出作物的政策，而且还将分析扩展到它们与生产，商业乃至治理实践的更广泛转变之间的关系。世界。我们研究了驱动生物燃料政策的政治和经济利益，以及这些政策如何设定构想和实施国家干预措施和政策的条件。我们发现，这些政策并不是根据环境或包容性的穷人发展目的而制定和实施的，而是根据国家在能源安全方面的利益及其与企业部门之间的紧张联盟的交汇而产生的，从而使许多政策机制失效甚至完全不利于有效实施。促进更加社会和环境可持续的能源生产和农业实践。

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