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Increasing carbon and material productivity through environmental tax reform

机译：通过环境税改革提高碳和物质生产率

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Environmental tax reform (ETR), a shift in taxation towards environmental taxes, has been implemented on a small scale in a number of European countries. This paper first gives a short review of the literature about ETR. An Appendix briefly describes the model used for a modelling exercise to explore, through scenarios with low and high international energy prices, the implications of a large-scale ETR in the European Union, sufficient to reach the EU's emission reduction targets for 2020. The paper then reports the results of the exercise. The ETR results in increased carbon and materials, but reduced labour, productivity, with the emission reductions distributed across all sectors as a reduction in the demand for all fossil fuels. There are also small GDP increases for most but not all, EU countries for all the scenarios, and for the EU as a whole. Both the environmental and macroeconomic outcomes are better with low than with high energy prices, because the former both increases the scale of the ETR required to reach the targets, and reduces the outflow of foreign exchange to pay for energy imports. ETR emerges from the exercise as an attractive and cost-effective policy for environmental improvement.
机译：环境税改革（ETR）是一种税收向环境税的转变，已在许多欧洲国家进行了小规模的实施。本文首先简要回顾了有关ETR的文献。附录简要介绍了用于建模练习的模型，该模型通过低国际能源价格和高国际能源价格的情景探索了欧盟大规模ETR的影响，足以实现2020年欧盟的减排目标。然后报告练习结果。 ETR会增加碳和材料的使用量，但会减少劳动量和生产率，排放量的减少会分散在所有部门，这是对所有化石燃料需求的减少。对于大多数（但不是全部）欧盟国家来说，在所有情况下以及整个欧盟的GDP增长都很小。能源价格低时，环境和宏观经济结果都比能源价格高时好，因为前者既增加了达到目标所需的ETR规模，又减少了用于支付能源进口的外汇流出。 ETR从这项工作中脱颖而出，成为一种有吸引力且具有成本效益的环境改善政策。

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