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Second generation biofuels: Economics and policies

机译：第二代生物燃料：经济和政策

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摘要

This study reviews economics of production of second generation biofuels from various feedstocks, including crop and wood/forestry residues, lignocellulosic energy crops, jatropha, and algae. The study indicates that while second generation biofuels could significantly contribute to the future energy supply mix, cost is a major barrier to its commercial production in the near to medium term. Depending upon type of biofuels, feedstock prices and conversion costs, the cost of cellulosic ethanol is found to be two to three times higher than the current price of gasoline on an energy equivalent basis. The median cost (across the studies reviewed) of biodiesel produced from microalgae, a prospective feedstock, is seven times higher than the current price of diesel, although much higher cost estimates have been reported. As compared with the case of first generation biofuels, in which feedstock can account for over two-thirds of the total costs, the share of feedstock in the total costs is relatively lower (30-50%) in the case of second generation biofuels. While significant cost reductions are needed for both types of second generation biofuels, the critical barriers are at different steps of the production process. For cellulosic ethanol, the biomass conversion costs needs to be reduced. On the other hand, feedstock cost is the main issue for biodiesel. At present, policy instruments, such as fiscal incentives and consumption mandates have in general not differentiated between the first and second generation biofuels except in the cases of the US and EU. The policy regime should be revised to account for the relative merits of different tvpes of biofuels.
机译：这项研究回顾了从各种原料生产第二代生物燃料的经济性，包括作物和木材/林业残留物，木质纤维素能源作物，麻风树和藻类。该研究表明，尽管第二代生物燃料可以为未来的能源供应结构做出重要贡献，但成本是中短期内其商业化生产的主要障碍。根据生物燃料的类型，原料价格和转化成本，发现纤维素乙醇的成本是按当前的能源当量计的汽油价格的两倍至三倍。从微藻类（一种潜在的原料）生产的生物柴油的中位成本（在所研究的所有项目中）比当前的柴油价格高七倍，尽管据报成本估计要高得多。与第一代生物燃料的情况相比，其中原料可以占总成本的三分之二以上，而第二代生物燃料的情况下，原料在总成本中所占的份额相对较低（30-50％）。虽然两种类型的第二代生物燃料都需要大幅降低成本，但关键的障碍是生产过程的不同步骤。对于纤维素乙醇，需要降低生物质转化成本。另一方面，原料成本是生物柴油的主要问题。目前，除美国和欧盟外，政策手段（例如财政激励措施和消费指令）总体上在第一代和第二代生物燃料之间没有区别。应修改政策制度，以考虑不同类型生物燃料的相对优点。

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  • 来源
    《Energy Policy》 |2011年第7期|p.4222-4234|共13页
  • 作者

    Miguel A. Carriquiry; Xiaodong Du; Govinda R. Timilsina;

  • 作者单位

    Center for Agricultural and Rural Development, Iowa State University, United States;

    Department of Agricultural & Applied Economics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States;

    Development Research Group, The World Bank, United States;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

    bioenergy; energy crops; renewable energy;

    机译：生物能源能源作物;可再生能源;

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