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首页> 外文期刊>Energy Policy >The energy-irrigation nexus and its impact on groundwater markets in eastern Indo-Gangetic basin: Evidence from West Bengal, India
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The energy-irrigation nexus and its impact on groundwater markets in eastern Indo-Gangetic basin: Evidence from West Bengal, India

机译：能源-灌溉关系及其对印度东部恒河盆地地下水市场的影响：来自印度西孟加拉邦的证据

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摘要

South Asia in general and India in particular is heavily dependent on groundwater for supporting its largely agrarian population. Informal pump irrigation services markets have played an important role in providing access to irrigation to millions of small and marginal farmers and had positive equity, efficiency and sustainable impacts in water-abundant regions such as West Bengal. Quite predictably, in such pump lift-based economy, fortunes of energy and irrigation sectors are closely entwined. This has often been called the 'energy-irrigation' nexus. There are two major sources of energy for pumping groundwater, viz. electricity and diesel. Most of the current discourse in the field has looked only at the 'electricity-irrigation' nexus to the exclusion of the 'diesel-irrigation nexus'. This paper looks at both these aspects. In doing so, it makes two propositions. First, high flat-rate electricity tariff encourages development of water markets whereby the water buyers—who are mostly small and marginal farmers—benefit through access to irrigation. Second, low rate of rural electrification has forced majority of farmers to depend on diesel for groundwater pumping and the steep increase in diesel prices over the last few years has resulted in economic scarcity of groundwater. This in turn has had serious negative impacts on crop production and farm incomes. Using primary field data from West Bengal, India, this paper makes a case for rapid rural electrification and continuation of high flat-rate tariff, which would in turn support developed groundwater markets and provide access to irrigation to the poor and marginal farmers.
机译：整个南亚，特别是印度，严重依赖地下水来维持其大部分农业人口。非正式的泵灌溉服务市场在为数百万小规模和边缘农民提供灌溉服务方面发挥了重要作用，并在西孟加拉邦等水源丰富的地区产生了积极的平等，效率和可持续影响。可以预见，在这种以泵举为基础的经济中，能源和灌溉部门的命运紧密地交织在一起。这通常被称为“能量灌溉”联系。泵送地下水有两种主要能源。电力和柴油。该领域当前的大多数论述仅着眼于“电力灌溉”关系，而没有考虑“柴油灌溉关系”。本文着眼于这两个方面。这样做有两个命题。首先，较高的统一费率电价鼓励了水市场的发展，从而使水的购买者（主要是小规模的边远农民）通过灌溉获得收益。其次，农村电气化率低下迫使大多数农民依靠柴油来抽水，而最近几年柴油价格的急剧上涨导致地下水的经济匮乏。反过来，这对作物产量和农场收入产生了严重的负面影响。本文使用来自印度西孟加拉邦的主要现场数据，为农村快速电气化和持续实行高固定费率电价提供了依据，这反过来将支持发达的地下水市场，并为贫困和边际农民提供灌溉渠道。

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