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Emissions from distributed vs. centralized generation: The importance of system performance

机译：分布式与集中式发电的排放：系统性能的重要性

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Distributed generation (DG) offers a number of potential benefits, but questions remain about environmental performance. Air emissions from five key DG technologies; gas engines, diesel engines, gas turbines, micro-turbines, and fuel cells, were systematically compared with total energy supply systems based on centralized gas turbines (CCGT) and coal steam turbines plus distributed heating (DH) using gas-fired boilers. Based on emissions and operational factors from existing commercially marketed DG-CHP technologies, combined heat and power (CHP) applications are considered, which are remotely monitored and operated as base-load supply. Emissions results are characterized using heat-to-power ratios (HPRs), which concisely describe different types of energy demand under different applications or seasonal conditions. At an HPR of zero (i.e. the special case of electricity-only), CCGT with DH gives the lowest emissions portfolio, but at HPR values typical for buildings in the United States, efficiency advantages ensure gas-fired combustion DG-CHP technologies become broadly competitive across the range of key emissions. Fuel cell DG-CHP provides a very low emissions portfolio, but at a significant cost premium. At higher HPR values, emissions from heat supply can become a key issue, leading to the surprising finding that some combustion-based DG-CHP systems have lower total emissions than fuel cell-based systems. Based on these insights, the paper concludes with a discussion of streamlined yet rigorous regulatory approaches for DG-CHP technologies.
机译：分布式发电（DG）具有许多潜在的好处，但是有关环境绩效的问题仍然存在。 DG的五项关键技术产生的空气排放；将燃气发动机，柴油机，燃气轮机，微型涡轮机和燃料电池与基于集中式燃气轮机（CCGT）和燃煤蒸汽轮机以及使用燃气锅炉的分布式供热（DH）的总能源供应系统进行了系统比较。基于现有的商业化DG-CHP技术的排放和运行因素，考虑了热电联产（CHP）应用，可对其进行远程监控并作为基本负荷电源运行。排放结果使用热功率比（HPR）来表征，该功率比简明地描述了在不同应用或季节条件下的不同类型的能源需求。在HPR为零（即仅用电的特殊情况）下，带有DH的CCGT排放量最低，但是在美国建筑典型的HPR值下，效率优势确保了燃气燃烧DG-CHP技术的广泛应用在关键排放量范围内具有竞争力。燃料电池DG-CHP提供了非常低的排放量，但成本高昂。在较高的HPR值下，来自供热的排放可能成为关键问题，这导致令人惊讶的发现，即某些基于燃烧的DG-CHP系统的总排放量低于基于燃料电池的系统。基于这些见解，本文以DG-CHP技术的精简而严格的监管方法为结尾进行了讨论。

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