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Public policy for energy technology innovation A historical analysis of fluidized bed combustion development in the USA

机译：能源技术创新的公共政策美国流化床燃烧发展的历史分析

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This paper analyzes the role of public policy in the development of atmospheric fluidized bed combustion (AFBC) of coal for power generation in the United States. AFBC is at present a mature technology for power generation up to the size of 250 MW. The technology has mainly been used by cogenerators and independent power producers, rather than by utilities. The trends in development are explained by an interaction of supply and demand factors. On the supply side, the two key factors were the early government-sponsored demonstration plants and the subsequent introduction of advanced designs by the private sector. On the demand side, the key elements were the enactment of the Public Utilities Regulatory Policy Act and the characterization of AFBC as one of the best available technologies to comply with environmental standards. However, these combined with two other public policies―government funding of utility size demonstration units and the incentives provided by the Clean Air Act for clean coal repowering―have not been enough to spur a sustained demand for the technology in the utility sector. We conclude that investments in demonstration should be made only when there is likely to be a sustained market, either a private market that can take-off once there is proof-of-concept or a publicly created market to address the public goods aspects of energy production. Furthermore, given that assessments of future markets is made under uncertainty about the success of the technology in question as well as the evolution of competing technologies and costs of alternative fuels, it is important to have mid-stream reassessment of demonstration programs.
机译：本文分析了公共政策在美国发电用煤的大气流化床燃烧（AFBC）发展中的作用。 AFBC目前是一种成熟的发电技术，最大发电量可达250兆瓦。该技术主要由热电联产公司和独立发电商使用，而不是由公用事业公司使用。供应和需求因素的相互作用可以解释发展趋势。在供应方面，两个关键因素是早期政府资助的示范工厂以及随后私营部门采用的先进设计。在需求方面，关键要素是颁布了《公用事业监管政策法》，并将AFBC表征为符合环境标准的最佳可用技术之一。但是，这些措施与其他两项公共政策（公用事业规模示范单位的政府资助以及《清洁空气法》为清​​洁燃煤发电提供的激励措施）相结合，不足以刺激公用事业领域对该技术的持续需求。我们得出的结论是，只有在可能存在一个持续的市场时，才应进行示范投资，要么是有概念证明就可以起飞的私人市场，要么是解决能源公共产品方面的公共市场。生产。此外，鉴于对有关技术的成功以及竞争技术的发展和替代燃料成本的不确定性对未来市场进行了评估，因此对示范项目进行中间评估是很重要的。

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