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The four-way linkages between renewable energy, environmental quality, trade and economic growth: a comparative analysis between high and middle-income countries

机译：可再生能源，环境质量，贸易与经济增长之间的四向联系：高收入和中等收入国家之间的比较分析

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摘要

This paper examines the four-way interrelationship between renewable energy, environment, foreign trade and growth using simultaneous-equation panel data models for 24 middle- and high-income countries over the period 1990-2011. Our findings show that, for the high-income countries, there is a bidirectional causality between renewable energy and growth, between CO_2 emissions and economic growth, between foreign trade and growth and between renewable energy and CO_2 emissions. However, there is a unidirectional causality between foreign trade and renewable energy and between emissions and trade. In the case of middle-income countries, there is also a bidirectional causality between renewable energy and growth, between CO_2 emissions and growth, between trade and growth, between trade and renewable energy and between CO_2 emissions and trade. On the other hand, there is a unidirectional causality, running from renewable energy to CO_2 emissions. Understanding these controversial scenarios is prerequisite to reaching an international agreement on climate change in order to build sound economic policies and improving the environmental quality to sustain economic development.
机译：本文使用1990-2011年期间24个中高收入国家的同时方程面板数据模型，研究了可再生能源，环境，对外贸易与增长之间的四重相互关系。我们的研究结果表明，对于高收入国家，可再生能源与增长之间，CO_2排放与经济增长之间，对外贸易与增长之间以及可再生能源与CO_2排放之间存在双向因果关系。但是，对外贸易与可再生能源之间以及排放与贸易之间存在单向因果关系。就中等收入国家而言，可再生能源与增长之间，CO_2排放与增长之间，贸易与增长之间，贸易与可再生能源之间以及CO_2排放与贸易之间也存在双向因果关系。另一方面，存在从可再生能源到CO_2排放的单向因果关系。理解这些有争议的情况是达成关于气候变化的国际协议的先决条件，以便制定合理的经济政策和改善环境质量以维持经济发展。

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