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Community natural resource management: the case of woodlots in Northern Ethiopia

机译：社区自然资源管理：埃塞俄比亚北部的林地案例

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This paper examines the nature of community management of woodlots and investigates the determinants of collective action and its effectiveness in managing woodlots, based on a survey of 100 villages in Tigray, northern Ethiopia. Despite limited current benefits received by community members, the woodlots contribute substantially to community wealth, increasing members' willingness to provide collective effort to manage the woodlots. We find that benefits are greater and problems less on woodlots managed at the village level than those managed at a higher municipality level, and that the average intensity of management is greater on village-managed woodlots. The factors that do significantly affect collective action include population density (higher collective labor input and lower planting density at intermediate than at low or high density), market access (less labor input, planting density and tree survival where market access is better), and presence of external organizations promoting the woodlot (reduces local effort to protect the woodlot and tree survival). The finding of an inverse U-shaped relationship between population density and collective labor input is consistent with induced innovation theory, with the increased labor/land ratio promoting collective effort to invest in resources as population density grows to a moderate level, while incentive problems may undermine collective action at high levels of population density. These findings suggest collective action may be more beneficial and more effective when managed at a more local level, when the role of external organizations is more demand-driven, and when promoted in intermediate population density communities more remote from markets. In higher population density settings and areas closer to markets, private-oriented approaches are likely to be more effective.
机译：本文根据对埃塞俄比亚北部提格雷的100个村庄的调查，研究了林地社区管理的性质，并研究了集体行动的决定因素及其在管理林地方面的有效性。尽管社区成员目前所获得的收益有限，但林地仍为社区财富做出了巨大贡献，提高了成员提供集体努力管理林地的意愿。我们发现，在村级管理的林地上，与在较高的市政级别管理的林地相比，收益更大，问题更少，而且村级管理的林地的平均管理强度更大。严重影响集体行动的因素包括人口密度（较高的集体劳动投入和中等密度的种植密度低于低密度或高密度的中间密度），市场准入（较少的劳动力投入，种植密度和树木存活率较高的市场生存率），以及促进林地的外部组织的存在（减少了保护林地和树木生存的地方努力）。人口密度与集体劳动投入之间呈倒U型关系的发现与诱导创新理论是一致的，随着人口密度增长到中等水平，劳动/土地比率的增加促进了集体投资资源的努力，而激励问题可能破坏了高人口密度下的集体行动。这些发现表明，如果在更本地化的水平上进行管理，外部组织的角色更受需求驱动，以及在远离市场的中等人口密度社区中进​​行推广，集体行动可能会更加有益和更加有效。在人口密度较高的地区和更靠近市场的地区，面向私人的方法可能更有效。

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