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Ecological lessons from the Chernobyl accident

机译：切尔诺贝利事故的生态教训

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The Chernobyl nuclear accident in 1986 not only caused serious ecological problems in both the Ukraine and Belarus, which continue to the present day, but also contaminated a large part of the higher latitudes of the northern hemisphere. In this paper an overview is given of the latter problems in upland UK, where ecological problems still remain some 17 years after initial contamination. Following deposition of radiocaesium and radioiodine in May 1986, measurements of radioactivity in grass and soil indicated a rapidly declining problem as the radioiodine decayed and the radiocaesium became immobilised by attachment to clay particles. However, these studies, as well as the advice received by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, were based on lowland agricultural soils, with high clay and low organic matter contents. The behaviour of radiocaesium in upland UK turned out to be dominated by high and persistent levels of mobility and bioavailability. This resulted in the free passage of radiocaesium through the food chain and into sheep. Consequently the Ministry banned the sale and movement of sheep over large areas of upland Britain, with bans remaining on some farms to the present day. Present day predictions suggest that these bans will continue in some cases for some years to come. The causes of radiocaesium mobility in upland areas have subsequently been the subject of intense investigation centred around vegetation and, in particular, soil characteristics. Soil types were identified which were particularly vulnerable in this respect and, where these coincided with high levels of deposition, sheep bans tended to be imposed. While much of the earlier work suggested that a low clay content was the main reason for continuing mobility, a very high organic matter content is now also believed to play a major role, this being a characteristic of wet and acidic upland UK soils. The overall message from this affair is the importance of a fundamental understanding of biogeochemical pathways in different ecosystems when attempting to predict the impacts of large-scale contamination.
机译：1986年的切尔诺贝利核事故不仅在乌克兰和白俄罗斯造成了严重的生态问题，这种问题一直持续到今天，而且还污染了北半球较高纬度的大部分地区。本文概述了英国高地的后一个问题，那里的生态问题在最初受到污染后仍然存在约17年。在1986年5月放射性铯和放射性碘沉积之后，在草木和土壤中进行的放射性测量表明，随着放射性碘的衰减和放射性铯因与粘土颗粒的附着而被固定化，该问题迅速下降。但是，这些研究以及农业，渔业和食品部收到的建议均基于低地农业土壤，粘土含量高且有机物含量低。事实证明，英国高地放射性铯的行为主要由高水平和持久的迁移率和生物利用度决定。这导致放射性铯自由通过食物链进入绵羊。因此，该部禁止在英国高地大片地区出售和运输绵羊，直到今天，某些农场仍被禁止。目前的预测表明，这些禁令在某些情况下将持续数年。高地地区放射性铯迁移的原因随后成为围绕植被特别是土壤特性进行深入研究的主题。确定了在这方面特别脆弱的土壤类型，如果这些土壤类型与高水平的沉积相吻合，则倾向于实施绵羊禁令。尽管早期的许多工作表明，粘土含量低是持续流动的主要原因，但现在也认为有机物含量很高，这是英国湿地和酸性高地土壤的特征。这一事件的总体信息是，在试图预测大规模污染的影响时，必须对不同生态系统中的生物地球化学途径有基本的了解。

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