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Transaction Costs of Upstream Versus Downstream Pricing of CO_2 Emissions

机译：上游的交易成本与下游的CO_2排放定价

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To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper comparing empirically the transaction costs of the monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) required by two environmental regulations aimed to cost-efficiently reduce greenhouse gas emissions: a carbon dioxide (CO2) tax and an emissions trading system. We do this in the case of Sweden, where a set of firms are covered by both types of regulationsthe Swedish CO2 tax and the European Union's Emissions Trading System (EU ETS). Our results indicate that there is a significant degree of heterogeneity in the transaction costs of the firms in our sample. Moreover, for some of the firms, the transaction costs are high when compared with the actual cost of the CO2 tax and the price of the EU ETS. Furthermore, we find that the MRV costs are lower for CO2 taxation than for the EU ETS, which confirms the general view that regulating emissions upstream via a CO2 tax yields lower transaction costs vis-a-vis downstream regulation via emissions trading.
机译：就我们所知，这是第一篇论文，从经验上比较了两个旨在降低成本的有效减少温室气体排放的环境法规所要求的监测，报告和验证（MRV）的交易成本：二氧化碳（CO2）税和排放交易系统。在瑞典，我们这样做，瑞典的二氧化碳税和欧盟的排放交易系统（EU ETS）这两种类型的法规都涵盖了一系列公司。我们的结果表明，样本中企业的交易成本存在很大程度的异质性。此外，对于某些公司而言，与二氧化碳税的实际成本和欧盟排放交易体系的价格相比，交易成本很高。此外，我们发现，与欧盟排放交易体系相比，二氧化碳税收的MRV成本更低，这证实了普遍的观点，即通过二氧化碳税监管上游排放产生的交易成本相对于通过排放交易进行下游监管的交易成本更低。

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