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Water Hauling and Girls' School Attendance: Some New Evidence from Ghana

机译：水运和女童上学：来自加纳的一些新证据

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摘要

In large parts of the world, a lack of home tap water burdens households as the water must be brought to the house from outside, at great expense in terms of effort and time. We here study how such costs affect girls' schooling in Ghana, with an analysis based on four rounds of the Demographic and Health Surveys. We address potential endogeneity issues by building an artificial panel of clusters using GPS coordinates. Our results indicate a significant negative relation between girls' school attendance and water hauling activity, as a halving of water fetching times increases girls' school attendance by about 7 percentage points on average, with stronger impacts in rural communities. Our results seem to be the first definitive documentation of such a relationship in Sub-Saharan Africa. They document some of the multiple and wide population benefits of increased tap water access, that are likely to be relevant in many African countries, and elsewhere.
机译：在世界大部分地区，缺乏家庭自来水给家庭增加了负担，因为必须将水从外部带入房屋，这在工作和时间上都付出了巨大的代价。我们在此基于四轮《人口与健康调查》进行的分析，研究了此类费用如何影响加纳的女童入学。我们通过使用GPS坐标构建人工集群群集来解决潜在的内生性问题。我们的结果表明，女童上学率与拖水活动之间存在显着的负相关关系，因为取水时间的减半平均使女童上学率平均提高了约7个百分点，对农村社区的影响更大。我们的结果似乎是撒哈拉以南非洲地区这种关系的第一个权威性文件。他们记录了自来水供应增加带来的多重和广泛的人口收益，这在许多非洲国家和其他地方可能很重要。

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