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Opportunity Cost Estimation of Ecosystem Services

机译：生态系统服务的机会成本估算

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摘要

Land-use changes rank among themost significant drivers of change in ecosystem services worldwide. The enhancement of important services such as biodiversity and carbon sequestration requires modifications in land-use that can lead to the decline in other ecosystems services. Targeting the most suitable areas for particular land-uses based on comparative advantages requires opportunity cost information across large regions. This is a demanding task because the input- output relations are ill-defined and determined by spatially heterogeneous operational and environmental conditions. To address this methodological challenge, this paper presents a two- stage semiparametric technique that enables multi-dimensional production possibility frontiers to be estimated from data provided by biophysical models. Specific advantages of the proposed frontier approach are its flexibility with regard to assump- assumptions for the input-output space and the space of the heterogeneous background variables. The method is illustrated for a case study of 18 Central and Eastern European countries. Results show that opportunity costs of changes in ecosystem services provision differ substantially between regions. Those areas having already relatively high levels of carbon sequestration have a comparative advantage in sequestering carbon. Opportunity costs of biodiversity are generally positively related with the level of biodiversity up to a turning point after which they are negatively related. To illustrate the policy consequences of the observed economies and diseconomies of scope we compare two management regimes to illustrate the potential gains from smart land management.
机译：土地利用变化是全球生态系统服务变化的最重要驱动因素之一。加强生物多样性和碳汇等重要服务需要对土地利用进行修改，这可能导致其他生态系统服务的下降。根据比较优势确定最适合特定土地用途的区域，需要跨大区域的机会成本信息。这是一项艰巨的任务，因为输入-输出关系的定义不明确，并且是由空间异构操作和环境条件决定的。为了解决这一方法学难题，本文提出了一种两阶段的半参数技术，该技术能够从生物物理模型提供的数据中估计多维生产可能性边界。所提出的前沿方法的特殊优势在于它在输入输出空间和异构背景变量空间的假设假设方面的灵活性。举例说明了18个中欧和东欧国家的案例。结果表明，各地区之间生态系统服务提供变化的机会成本差异很大。那些已经具有较高固碳水平的地区在固碳方面具有比较优势。生物多样性的机会成本通常与生物多样性的水平呈正相关，直到转折点为止，它们才负相关。为了说明观察到的经济状况和范围不经济的政策后果，我们比较了两种管理制度以说明智能土地管理的潜在收益。

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